Spinozas Argument for Substance Monism - 1089 Words

Topic: Spinoza’s argument for substance monism Baruch Spinoza’s The Ethics addresses the nature of God and his role in the universe, yet his dedication to supported rationality leads him to the unconventional conclusion that God and the very substance of the universe are one and the same. Spinoza bases his argument in deductive reasoning, which requires the establishment of premises; in The Ethics, these premises come in the form of definitions and axioms. God in this context is simply â€Å"an absolutely infinite being;† it is important to note that Spinoza does not unfoundedly argue that God has sentience or other properties associated with humans (158). However, God indisputably has substance, which Spinoza initially defines as something that has independent, necessary conception. A substance has essence, which forms the fundamentals of its existence; essences are interpreted by the intellect in the form of attributes. Modes are the ways through which an objec t presents itself through being; they are the â€Å"affections of a substance† (158). These definitions allow Spinoza to say that his conclusions necessarily follow from ideas which are true, making his argument supported entirely by logic. Spinoza begins his argument with a section devoted to a core group of axioms; it is necessary that the reader accept these as universally true principles in order for that truth to extend into the rest of his argument. Axioms 1 and 2 state that something in existence can potentially be inShow MoreRelatedLogic1557 Words   |  7 PagesSpinoza’s Argument for Substance Monism and Common Objections Spinoza’s Ethics is widely thought of as Spinoza’s greatest work. One noteworthy claim that he makes in his Ethics is his argument for substance monism, or the existence of only one substance. In Proposition 14, Part I of his Ethics, Spinoza states that â€Å"There can be, or be conceived, no other substance but God.† This statement amounts to saying that everything else in this world, whether it is extended or not, is a mere image of GodRead MoreJohn Spinoza s Theory On Monism1922 Words   |  8 Pageshis theory on monism. Monism is the notion that everything consists of only one thing. For Spinoza, this one thing is a substance he calls God. His monism is the argument that God is the substance which makes up everything. This has been interpreted to work in a variety of ways. In this essay, I am going to argue that Spinoza’s monism does work through one interpretation of the numerical distinction of substances and attributes. First, I will lay out Spino za’s actual argument for monism with its premisesRead MoreWhat Advantages Does Spinoza’s Substance Monism Have over Descartes’ Dualism?3467 Words   |  14 PagesSpinoza’s philosophy as espoused in the Ethics was a response to Descartes’ dualism. Through works such as the Ethics, Spinoza seeks to address the main flaws in Descartes’ philosophy. These flaws included but were by no means limited to, proof for the existence of God and the interaction between mind and body. This essay will highlight the advantages of Spinoza’s monism over Descartes’ dualism by looking at Spinoza’s response to these issues. First, in order to consider the advantages ofRead MoreOutside The Realm Of Philosophical, And Religious, Study1165 Words   |  5 Pagesand religious, study the words substance, and matter, are commonplace definer of a physical material out of which an object of permanence is made of. To the philosophers of the early modern period not only are these terms dissimilar, but also represented radically different ontological theories. The topic of substance is a pillar of philosophy an ontological analysis. The term substance â€Å"corresponds to the Greek ousia, which means ‘being’† (Howard, 2013). Substance, in the philosophical sense, becameRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Cavendish s Baruch Spinoza A Very Unique Monistic System1285 Words   |  6 Pagesout a system consisting of one infinite substance with infinite attributes. The two attributes which we can know are thought and extension. I will argue that the attribute of thought and the attribute of extension co rrelate well with Cavendish’s animate and inanimate matter. I will argue that Spinoza’s system is more coherent than Cavendish’s and solves some of her system’s issues. If it is that case that we desire a system similar to Cavendish’s then Spinoza’s system is a step in the right directionRead MoreDescartes’, Spinoza’s, and Leibniz’s Response to the Mind-Body Problem2993 Words   |  12 Pagestotal separation between mind and body, championed by Descartes, which has come to be known as â€Å"Cartesian Dualism†. This, of course, gave rise to one of the many major responses to the mind-body problem which is the exact opposite of dualism; monism. Monism is the idea that mind and body one and the same thing and therefore have no need for interaction. Another major response to the problem is that given by Leibniz, more commonly known as pre-ordained harmony or monadology. Pre-ordained harmony simplyRead MoreUnpacking S pinoza s Ontological Argument1054 Words   |  5 Pages Unpacking Spinoza’s Ontological Argument in Regards to Monism Baruch Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher who was active in the mid to late 17th century. In Spinoza’s ontological argument he attempts to prove the existence of God as the root of all things that everything is created from as well as proving that God is the only true substance. According to Spinoza, â€Å"It pertains to the nature of a substance to exist† (Spinoza). This means that Spinoza believes existence is a necessary property of anyRead MoreDualism In Descartes : The Mind And Body Dualism1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe body to conduct physical activity. The pineal gland is also responsible for the body being capable of causing certain sensations in the mind. That type of interaction was, what he believed to be, essential for all existing, living beings. The argument that Descartes made consisted of two statements which he perceived to be true. He asserted that the essence of one’s mind was completely different than that of one’s body. It was from this claim that Descartes conceded that the mind was a thinkingRead MoreIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 PagesIn philosophy, there are going to be some agreements and disagreements among philosopher’s, but the most compelling of them all is Descartes’ and Spinoza’s take in regards to mind and body, and God and free will, God existence. I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Spinoza’s perspectives on the relationship between mind and body, and God and free will. Maria, there is no fast way to explain all of this as this takes time, so please brace yourself as I hope to provide you with a better understandingRead MoreSpinoza’s Criticism of Descartes’ Substance Dualism2166 Words    |  9 Pagesâ€Å"God is the only substance that can exist or be conceived.† Spinoza’s criticism of Descartes’ substance dualism By: Jawad Samimi 01/04/2012 Substance dualism is often called ‘Cartesian dualism ‎and is the assumption that mind and body are really distinct substances. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) was the first early modern philosopher to hold that a thinking-thing is entirely different form an extended thing and mind can exist without the body. Cartesian dualism, which started the famous mind-body

The Media And Its Impact On The Economy And Society Operates

Journalism is a form of writing that informs public about things that already happened in our life. It is a practice of examining and reporting issues, events and trends to the media such as print and broadcast media. It is not only presenting the news of the day of a city or a country, but telling meaningful stories about what is new or is happening around us, understanding it and explaining it to others (Michael et al., 2012). The people who write journalism, gather news and information for mass distribution are called â€Å"journalists.† They usually work at newspaper, magazines, TV or radio station or online. With these different media, there are also different tasks for every journalist such as reporters, sub-editors, photojournalists, the†¦show more content†¦This proves that the journalism industry has provided comprehensive and informative news to the audience. Beside that, the Internet has provided new opportunity for news outlets to earn money from advertise rs, hacker, media companies, and profit-seekers alike and so on. Nevertheless, there are many debates and discussions of the Internet usage in journalism. As quoted by Salter and Jones, â€Å"the Internet has all too often been regarded as an economic opportunity more than an opportunity to change and improve journalistic practice.† This example I have chosen for this essay will attempt to critically analyze this quote; whether the Internet is mostly developed for economic opportunity or for the advancement of journalistic practice. First and foremost, The New Straits Times Press (NTSP) has been chosen as my main media outlet example in this assignment. NTSP is one of the oldest and largest Malaysia’s newspapers founded in 1845 (Multimedia Inc, n.d). It’s an official English newspaper, which is often described as â€Å"The Newspaper of the Nation† in Malaysia (Multimedia Inc, n.d). Furthermore, the principle activities of this company comprise of the publication and sale of newspapers and magazines, editorial services, online services, outdoor and media advertising, property management services and investment holdings. Beside that, NTSP is owned by Media Prima Corporation. Media Prima Corporation is also known as Media

Effective Organizational and Business Communication

Question: Discuss about the Effective Organizational and Business Communication. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this essay is to understand the various diagnostic tools associated with the effective communication in business operations of an organization. The various issues associated with the diagnostic tools are also discussed in this essay. The diagnostics tools like Johari Window Model, Assertiveness Questionnaire or Communications Style Questionnaire is also discussed in this essay. The various key findings observed with the issues are also explained in this essay. The key areas that required improvement in various communication tool is also discussed in this essay that help to make all business operations to perform in much better and efficient manner. The literature review is also done for the essay that describes all the important theoretical or behavioural aspects associated with the issues of diagnostics tools of communication. The various concepts or key models associated with issues of communication are also discussed in the literature review. The various theories th at are used for the effective communication is also described in the literature review. Further, at the end of the essay, an action plan is also formulated by considering all the events or activities associated with the issues related to diagnostic tools for the next six months. This action plan explains all the period in which all issues can be solved and measured in effective manner. Diagnosis and Reflection: Communication: Communication is the integral and important component in the life of an individual that is necessary to convey the message, feelings, and ideas on other. The communication skills of the people can be assessed using 5 diagnostic tools such as Johari Window Model, Assertiveness Questionnaire, Communications Style Questionnaire, and others. Johari Window: Johari Window was developed by the Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. Johari Window model helps in addressing ones communication skills, and developing mutual understanding among individual within the group or organization (Lim and Jamil, 2013). This model is given below: Open: The open pan of the Johri window states that here the persona him or herself and other well know about his or her attitudes, personality, behavior, feelings, skills, perception, and emotions. The person is very open to other (Bradbury?Jones, 2015). There is no hidden aspects and information about the person from others. Blind: In this case, the person oneself is not aware of his or her habits, behavior, skills, and others while other knows about him or her very well. A person is interpreted very differently by the other people, from whatever the person his or her self expect. Hidden: It states the information that is known to the person him or herself about him or her but hidden from others (Slusky and Goodrich, 2016). The information hidden may be very personal to the person such as experience, fears, and secrets. Unknown: This states that some information are unknown to the person him or herself as well as others for example; talents, skills, and abilities of the person (Lim and Jamil, 2013). Communication Style Questionnaire The communication style questionnaire is drafted to evaluate and identify the communication style a person uses. The communication styles are given below: Active communicators are those persons who are straightforward, active participants, expressive with body language and words in communication process. At the same time, connectors are those persons who consider others in discussion and their views (Hasson, 2015). Purposeful communicators are very logical in their communication and are practical at workplace. Similarly, thinker communicators are those who support their words with the facts sought out by them rather than emotions and feelings. The thinkers are very happy to talk about the abstract concepts and ideas (Tzoannopoulou, 2015). They are communicators that are more effective in small group rather large. Assertiveness questionnaire: In aggressive communication style an individual shares his or her feeling and provide solid advocacy to his or her view and opinion in the way contradicting and violating the rights and opinions of others (Lotus Group, 2012). This communication style lacks of self esteem, emotions, and is abusive both physically and verbally. At the same time, people following assertive communication style share the information about them with the others and support their views and opinions affirm but does not try to refute the ideas, and views of others. People in this communication style give much importance of their self esteem, their time, their emotional and physical needs, and are very respectful of rights of other along with their own view (Flannery, 2016). Similarly, in case of passive communication style, people do not clear express their feelings, protect their rights and meet their needs and desires. It includes higher needs of self esteem in communicators. They do not respond to the hurtf ul situation and tolerate the grievance but to certain limit after a threshold of tolerance they outburst (CN, 2017). Furthermore, in passive aggressive communication, people are very different with their appearance from whatever they actually are. People in this style appear as passive but act out as aggressive communicators in indirect way. Model of active communication The above model is representing different communication such as regressive communication, stationary communication, flowing communication, active communication, and proactive communication. This model mainly focuses on the active and proactive communication (Solvi, 2012). The active communicator is one who is the initiator in the communication process while the reactive communicator is one who reaches and response to the communicated message from others. The proactive communicators most usually uses non verbal communication pattern to answer. Intrapersonal skills self assessment Questionnaire: Interpersonal self assessment questionnaire helps in understanding and getting aware of the interpersonal skills. The questionnaire is in the form analyzes the person in term of listing skills, verbal communication, emotional intelligence, working in groups and reams (SYN, 2016). This questionnaire helps in indentifying the basic interpersonal skills of an individual. Based on comparing the above models with my skills, I found two key communication issues in me. One is that I am not good in non verbal communication as my body language is not compatible to my words. It realized it in an professional even where I gave an presentation. My body motion was not good and perfectly matching with the words to support my verbal communication. It made my impression and presentation bed before my superior and even my colleagues or group members. Another issue is improper listening. If one does not listen properly and attentively, it may cause issues in ones work. I also have this issues because of that I had to suffer. Actually, My boss was assigned a work and instructed but I did not pay attention to the instruction given by my boss and started my work. After half completion of the work, my boss was reviewing the work where he found that I am doing the assignment in wrong way and I was rebuked. Where, I identified that effective listening skills is necessary in effective communication and interpersonal relation. Based on these evident and references, it can be said that in every filed it is necessary for an individual to have effective communication skills such as effective verbal and non verbal communication and other skills for accomplishing their responsibilities and roles timely. These evident provide the basic that how communication gap can create the loss to the company and to individual. Therefore, everyone needs to develop their personal communication for establishing effective communication. Literature Review: The literature review related to business communications basically focuses on various central and shared issues related to control or coordination by the means of effective communication in any organization or business. The research on business communication is considered from its initial stages and how it works significantly or effectively in communication process in any organization is also analysed in the literature review. According to Chester Barnard, the effective communication is considered as the heart in various process of the management and he also recognized importance of the effective communication in various business operations of the organization (Cardon, 2015). The movement of human relationships in 1940 also helps in analysing the fact that the communication process in any organization should occur in two way manner to make it more effective and significant. This also helps in estimating the role of communication in effective decision making process in an organization and also visualises attitude or satisfaction of employees on the basis of upward as well as downward flow of communication in an organization or business. The listening gap and lack of effective body language in the employees are the most vital issues that can affect the effective business communication process of an organization. These are the issues which are diagnosed in the first part of the essay that is in the reflection and diagnosis section. The research for various impacts on performance of the employees due to the feedbacks as well as research on climate was started way back in 1950. The various methodologies like ECCO (Episodic Communication Channels and Organizations) were developed to completely focus on various issues related to the upward communication flow in the organization (Grunig, 2013). Odiorne was the first to use term called Communication Audit that basically assess the various perceptions of employees communication related to management and its accuracy in the entire auditing process. The methodologies related to communication audit provide a significant approach to analyse or study the various systems of effective communication in a business organization. The effective communication is considered as the most important or dominant aspects of any organization in the present scenario to do the business. The impactful relationship between the employees and the management may be possible due to effective communication and will be beneficial for effective business operations or activities of the organizations (Rajhans, 2012). The capabilities or efficiency of organization can be developed or enhanced with help of various process of effective communication. The effective communication helps in better coordination between the employees and the management to achieve various organizational objectives. This also plays significant role in various process of problem solving, decision making or change management. The employees are able to get all the information related to their job profile, organization or environment with help of internal communication. The effective communication will help the employees to be motivated, build trust or share their emotions with other employees in the organization and also helps them to remember their accomplishments in the organization. Communication is the tool that helps the employees or management to understand each other and their roles in the organization. The various needs of employees in the communication process are also described by DAprix in hierarchical manner that explains all the above points that are mentioned (Krum, 2013). According to Lukazewski, human dimension is the vital factor that weakens the practices of management in any organization. The lack of interactions between the employees or top management can be caused due to ineffective communication and that gap in communication can cause significant impact on various business operations or activities of the organization. The problems related to communication can be solved with implementation of various motivational practices to make business operations effective in an organization. Motivating is basically done by the top management like mangers to encourage or inspire the employees to perform in better manner. The mangers should interact with the employees on regular basis and should understand all the complexities faced by the employees during working hours and accordingly motivate them to perform better (Hamilton, 2013). The motivational practices should be implemented in such a manner that can provide maximum benefits to the organization and employees as well by improving business operations. This approach can be accomplished in effective manner only if the employees are able to make their professional and personal goals merged together to avail maximum benefits. The various methods of traditional management like Theory X can be used to motivate the employees in the organization. But, theory Y can be more right approach to motivate employees for longer period of time as based on organizational objectives or employees integration and also requires more efforts from the management. There should be enough mutual understanding or communication between the management and the employees that will certainly help the employees to analyse their role in various business operations of the organization and will motivates them to perform better to achieve all their targets (Cornelissen, 2014). The productivity of business will certainly be affected if there is lack in motivation for the employees. Increase in cases of grievances, declined productivity, wastage of resources or absenteeism among employees increased are the factors that indicates lower morale of the employees due to lack of effective communication. Employees who are motivated will be more loy al to the organization and will perform all his actions to achieve organizational goals or objectives. This will also improves their performance and quality in various business operations of organizations. Further, role of internal communication is more vital in implementing various motivational practices in an organization. The employees who are able to understand their roles in the organization perform better and also achieve the target given to them. At the same time, managers who are not effective in communication feel more frustrated and also surrounded by employees that are unhappy and not productive for the business operations of the organization. The effective communication is the most significant tool that creates a strong bond between the employees and the management to perform various business operations in the most efficient manner (Rajhans, 2012). The productivity factor of an organization is mostly enhanced or affected by the effective business communication. The effective communication will be more beneficial for the managers as they will be able to coordinate with their subordinates in efficient manner and will assign the required task according to skills of employees t hat can be beneficial for both organization and employees to improve their performance. Action Plan: From the above it is found that an individual is different from other in terms of communication style, as communication skills is also a part of the personality that make one different from others. The communication skills must be developed effectively in an individual to make his or her task or work effective. As above I identified two basic communication issues with me such as listening gap and body motions incompatible to my verbal communication. The communication skills may be developed by going under the communication skills and development courses, and communication training. Toast Master is emerged as effective course and group make us to learn how to do effective communication. For developing the personal communication, the plan is given below: Issues Corrective action Listening gap Attend conferences and seminars thrice in one fortnight for next 6 months Participation in group discussion activities twice in a month Attend one interview once in one fortnight in a month Not good body language Presentation once in a weak for the next 6 months more formal and professional presentation and involving thrice in a month for the 6 months Join communication skills development workshops one in a week for next 6 months Watching Video presentation The first issue in the action plan will be the listening gap. These gaps in communication can be fulfilled with various measures. These can be corrected by making conferences or seminars to be conducted thrice in coming six years. The group discussion for the various employees should also be conducted twice in a month to measure the issue of listening gap in the organization in more effective and efficient manner. Further, the personal interviews of the employees should be conducted by the top management once in each month of coming six months. These will certainly motivates the employees and makes them to perform better for the organization by accomplishing all their objectives and goals. Further, the next issue that occurs in the business operations is lack of appropriate body language of the employees in an organization. This issue can be measured or corrected by various appropriate actions. The presentation should be conducted for each of the employees in every week for coming six months. The presentation can be in formal manner to solve various communication issues related to business and will certainly enhance performance of the employees. The workshops can also be organized for the employees once in a week to enhance their communication skills that will certainly beneficial and productive for business operations of an organization. The video presentation can also be organized for the employees to improve their body language and their communication skills that will certainly help both the employees and organization for longer terms. References: Bradbury?Jones, C., Taylor, J., Kroll, T., Duncan, F. (2014). Domestic abuse awareness and recognition among primary healthcare professionals and abused women: a qualitative investigation.Journal of clinical nursing,23(21-22), 3057-3068. Cardon, P. (2015). Business communication: Developing leaders for a networked world.USA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. CN, (2017). The five communication style. Retrieved from https://www.clairenewton.co.za/my-articles/the-five-communication-styles.html. Colleoni, E. (2013). CSR communication strategies for organizational legitimacy in social media. Corporate Communications: an international journal, 18(2), pp.228-248. Cornelissen, J. (2014). Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice.USA: Sage. Evans, J., Van Epps, A., Smith, M., Matei, S. and Garcia, E. (2015). A Transdisciplinary Approach for Developing Effective Communication Skills in a First Year STEM Seminar. In 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings (p. 23468). Fearn-Banks, K. (2016). Crisis communications: A casebook approach.UK: Routledge. Flannery, B. (2016). Communication Style: assertive communication example. Retrieved from https://pairedlife.com/etiquette/Assertiveness-on-a-Psych-Unit. Grunig, J. (2013). Excellence in public relations and communication management.UK: Routledge. Hamilton, C. (2013). Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions.USA: Cengage Learning. Hasson, G. (2015).Brilliant Communication Skills. Pearson UK. Krum, R. (2013). Cool infographics: Effective communication with data visualization and design.USA: John Wiley Sons. Lim, K., Jamil, H. (2013). Certification paradigm of johari window human capital.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,4(3), 303. Lotus Group, (2012). Passive, Assertive, Aggressive: How to Tell the Difference. Retrieved from https://www.lotusgroup.biz/blog/passive-assertive-aggressive-how-to-tell-the-difference/. Manning, C., Waldman, M., Lindsey, W., Newberg, A. and Cotter-Lockard, D. (2013). Personal Inner ValuesA Key to Effective Face-to-Face Business Communication. Journal of Executive Education, 11(1), p.3. Rajhans, K. (2012). Effective Organizational Communication: a Key to Employee Motivation and Performance. Interscience Management Review (IMR) ISSN: 2231-1513 Volume-2, Issue-2. Slusky, L., Goodrich, J. A. (2016). Human Factors of Cybersecurity Awareness. InEdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology(Vol. 2016, No. 1, pp. 436-444). Solvi, s. (2012). Model of active communication. Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/271750/606958_FULLTEXT01.pdf?sequence=1. SYN, (2016). Interpersonal skills self assessment. Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ls/index.php/343479/. Tzoannopoulou, M. (2015). Rethinking ESP: Integrating Content and Language in the University Classroom.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,173, 149-153.

Business Law Contract Measure Time

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Contract Measure Time. Answer: Introduction: Indicators related to enforcing contract measure time and cost which is incurred in resolving a commercial dispute through the local first instance court, and it also checks quality of judicial process index. It evaluates whether or not each economy adopts the good practices which help in promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of court system (The World Bank, n.d.). This research paper is divided into two parts and in first part we discuss in brief the five indicators of enforcing contract, and benefit of these indicators for doing business. This part also contains the reflection of any two indicators on small and medium size business. The second part of the report states the process followed in this research, problem encountered while conducting this research. Indicators for enforcing contract: From many years, theDoing Businessindicators on enforcing contracts are measuring the time and cost which is incurred in resolving a commercial dispute through the local first instance court, but now doing business make an change in the methodology of these indicators and replace the indicator procedural complexity with a new indicator that is quality of judicial processes index. This indicator is introduced to check whether each economy adopts the good practices which help in promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of court system in the following four areas that is (The World Bank, n.d.): Court structure and proceedings index: this indicator has five components that are: Special commercial court, section or division is available or not. Is there any simplified procedure to resolve small claims are available or not. Pretrial attachment is available. Which criteria are used to for the assignment of cases to judges Evidentiary weight of testimony in case of women. Case management index: Time standards set up by regulations for key court events. Performance measurement mechanism is available or not. Pretrial conference. Is there any electronic case management system is available for judges. Is there any electronic case management system is available for lawyers. Regulations which relate to adjournments and continuance of case. 3. Court Automation: Is there any facility to file initial compliant in electronic mode? Is there any facility to service initial compliant in electronic mode? Payment of court fees through electronic mode. Whether judgments of court are published or not. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Arbitration Voluntary meditation or conciliation. Benefits of indicators for doing business: Efficient system for enforcing contract is necessary for sustainable growth and economic development of any country. Economic and social progress of any country is not possible without respecting the law of that country and efficient protection of the rights. It is necessary for well functioning judiciary that cases are resolved on time and accessible to general public. Economies which have efficient judiciary system and in which courts effectively fulfill their contractual obligations have more developed credit markets in compare to other economies and also have higher level of development. Small firms grow more rapidly in the economy with strong judiciary, and efficient judicial system will result in improvement of business climate, faster innovation, secure tax revenues, and it also attracts foreign direct investment. A research was conducted in the provinces of Argentina and Brazil regarding efficiency of court, and it was found that firms located in provinces which have efficient court system have greater access to credit. One more research was conducted in Mexico which found that better court system result in larger and efficient firms. An effective court system not only reduces the risk faced by firms but also increase the willingness of firms to invest, and firms in Brazil, Peru and Philippines state that they invest more if they had more confidence in their court system (The World Bank, n.d.; Kroeze, n.d.). Impact of two indicators on small and medium size business: Court structure and proceedings: this index has five components which are described below: Is there any section or special court or division is available which only hear cases related to commercial disputes. Score- 1.5 is given if answer is yes or 0 if answer is no. Is there any simplified procedure or any fast track court which deals with small claims, and such claim include all civil cases. A score of 1 is assigned to the country if such court or procedure is established by the country, and additional score of 0.5 is also assigned if parties present themselves before such court or procedure. Is there any facility is available for pretrial attachment of defendant movable assets in case plaintiff has feared that attachments may be moved or dissipated. A score of 1 is assigned if any such facility is available. Assignment of cases to judges through competent court in random and automatic manner. A score of 1 is given if cases are assigned to judges in automated or randomly, and 0.5 if cases are assigned randomly but not automatically. Womens testimony carries same evidentiary weight as man, and if yes score of 1 is assigned and if no 0 is assigned. Adding up all the above mentioned scores gives index for Court Structure and Proceedings (The World Bank, n.d.). The score of Australia regarding this index is 4.5 from 5. It is necessary for small firms that disputes are resolved fairly and in speedy trials, because if these disputes take months or years to resolve then it is not possible for small firms to stay in the business or conduct the disputes because of their financial weakness. Because of long and expensive trials small and medium firms try to avoid trials and other litigation matters. There are many benefits of efficient court system, as efficient system removes the informality, increase the trade and improve credit access for these small and medium firms (Doing Business, 2014; OECD, n.d.). Alternative Dispute Resolution: this index has six components which are described below: Whether commercial disputes are submitted to arbitration except disputes related to public policy, bankruptcy, consumer rights, employment issues or intellectual property. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether commercial arbitration which is domestic in nature is governed by consolidated law, chapter or section. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether local courts assigned arbitration clause in more than 50% of cases. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether meditation or conciliation is recognized for solving the commercial disputes. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether meditation or conciliation is governed by consolidated law, chapter or section. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether there is any financial benefit for parties who opt for meditation or conciliation such as if party won the case then court filing fees is refund. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Adding up all the above mentioned scores gives index for Alternative Dispute Mechanism. The score of Australia regarding this index is 2.5 out of 3 (The World Bank, n.d.). There are number of benefits for small and medium size business from ADR that is: Alternate Dispute Resolution process helps small businesses to find appropriate way for resolving the dispute that is either by mediation or arbitration. This process not only saves time but also reduce the cost of proceedings by removing court fees and other related costs. This process gives flexibility to business man because they can fix the time and place of meetings, instead of relying on appointment of court. There is one more benefit of this process, in this parties can agreed on mutual grounds which are beneficial for both the parties. Litigation process does not maintain confidentiality and they are open to public whereas this process maintains the confidentiality of the dispute and parties (Moore Clark Duvell Rodgers, 2016; Tessier, 2005). Process followed in conducting this research: This research is conducted by focus on objective part of the topic, by finding the multitude information from different authentic sources, and by analyzing that information to reach the conclusion. This is an evaluation research and includes study and evaluation of data through a systematic process. In this paper, the research and information is stated in such away so that other person can easily understand the topic which was stated in this paper. In this first we describe the indicators of enforcing contract in brief, and then evaluate and discuss the details of this topic. Following challenges are faced while conducting this research that is: There are not sufficient resources for conducting the research. It is difficult to find authentic sources from which we get accurate data. There is difficulty on relying on some resources. Many business units does not provide accurate information because they had fear that information provided by them may be misused or they dont want to disclose the confidentiality of dispute. Conclusion: In this paper, first we state the brief introduction of indicators of enforcing contract, and benefits of these indicators for small businesses and medium businesses. Later we discuss the impact of Court structure and proceedings index and alternate dispute resolution index on small and medium business. We also discuss that this research is conducted in systematic process and state the challenges faced while conducting this research. At last, we conclude the report with brief conclusion that is it is necessary for economies that they conduct good practices related to efficient court system. References: The World Bank. Enforcing Contracts. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts. The World Bank. Why it Matters. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts/why-matters. The World Bank. What is Measured. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts/what-measured. The World Bank. Enforcing Contracts Methodology. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/Methodology/Enforcing-Contracts. The World Bank. Australia. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/australia#enforcing-contracts. Moore Clark Duvell Rodgers, (2016). 5 ways small businesses benefit from alternative dispute resolution. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.mcdr-law.com/Articles/5-ways-small-businesses-benefit-from-alternative-dispute-resolution.shtml. Tessier, R. (2005). Making Effective Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution For Small Businesses. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.mediate.com/articles/tessierr1.cfm. Doing Business, (2014). Improving court efficiency: the Republic of Koreas e-court experience. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/case-studies/2013/improving-court-efficiency. Kroeze, J. M. The companies as business court as specialized court. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/37188740.pdf.