Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy - Term Paper Example   Significantly, there have been arguments in favor of as well as against the policy and a reflective analysis of the policy is required for a judicious judgment on the issue. â€Å"A Gall up poll taken in July 1993 found the public evenly split over both a â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† policy and a question of whether homosexuality is incompatible with military service. Forty nine percent agree and 48 percent disagree with the statement â€Å"homosexuality is incompatible with military service† (National Defense Research Institute U.S. P.202). Therefore, this paper analyzes the various aspects of the policy â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† to determine a careful position on the topic. Although there are several criticisms raised against the military’s ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policy, both in the Congress and among the general public, the military is not prepared for this drastic change as the positive re sults of the policy are several. Significantly, the policy DADT has already become a central element of the military policy regarding same-sex acts, a relaxation on the policy is not acceptable to the U.S. military. Therefore, I strongly agree with the idea behind the policy â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† as this policy will help the U.S. military personnel in emphasizing the need for order and discipline in the army. The â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† policy assumes greater significance as there is an imminent danger that the parents who are very much orthodox may not allow their children to join the army that it is lacking in high moral standards. A military unit would be sacrificing its reputation if it is lacking in discipline and unit cohesion. There are chances of internal disagreements and Soldiers may gather against the gay and lesbian groups and the military unit perishes under these circumstances.     

Historical laws and Security Essay Example for Free

Historical laws and Security Essay Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint CJS/250 April 24, 2013 Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint The Babylonian King Hammurabi established the code of Hammurabi. It was established by the king himself in 1750 B.C. and discovered intact in 1901. It contains 282 clauses variety of obligations, professions and rights, as well as retail, slavery, marriage, stealing, and outstanding debts. If any of the clause was to be violated the punishment that would be handed down would be severe (Clifford, 2004). This code is well known for serious punishment. The principles outlined are in the form of Lex talionis, or the law of retaliation to fit the crime (an eye for an eye). The Draco’s code was named for the Greek of Athens citizen where it was written in 621 B.C., the first law written in Greece was very harsh that the word Draconian is used today to describe how severe and unreasonable the law is. Concerns to penalty for any offense that was committed death would be the result. It was very important to introduce the notion to the state, not the private citizens, is responsible for the punishing persons accused of crimes. The Law of The Twelve Tables originally included 10 laws. Written in Rome in 450 B.C. was meant to govern the Romans. It was the foundation of the modern public and private law. They helped organize how crime would be prosecuted publicly and instituted a method whereby the involved parties could look for compensation from their aggressors. It was then the basic rule of Roman law was written and that justice would not be left at the hands of the judge alone to interpret. In 529 A.D., Corpus Juris Civilis or Justinian code was the result of Emperor Justinian’s desire and remembrance for his codification of Roman law  in a series of book (Clifford, 2004). Legal maxims derived from Justinian Code which inspired the modern concept of justice a word that comes from the emperor’s name. The foundation of civil law, one of the two main legal system, the other been English common law was formed by the Roman code that govern modern Western civilization. One of the high point in the middle ages occurred under King John of England, with the creation of the Magna Carta in 1216 which he was forced to sign. This document established the English due process which greatly reduced the king power by making decision in parliament instead on his own. The most important of the Magna Carta’s 61 clauses was the 39th it states no freeman shall be captured or imprisoned except by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land (Clifford, 2004). Within a 70 year span England produced the next significant contribution to the system of law enforcement in developing the Statue of Westminster in 1285. King Edward involved the citizens in crime prevention and apprehension. It established three practical measures focusing on the security of affected citizens, the watch and ward, a hue and cry, and the assize of arms. In our current society, publicly and privately these laws have played a major role today. The legal system which we have in place would be the same, but instead it is different. One of the most important is the Magna Carta, and it can be seen in the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Article 21. Our economy today is drastically changing. With the amount of cutback it would be difficult for our finest to be all over the city to monitor any issues that may occur. With the assistance of the private forces the numbers has double or triple with less authority or priviledge as would an officer. Having both is beneficial to our society and the feel of safety is an encouragement to us all. References Clifford, M (2004) Identifying and exploring security essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Powerless Holden :: Catcher Rye Essays

Powerless Holden In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt place where there is no peace.   This perception of the world does not change significantly through the novel.   However, as the novel progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the short period of Holden's life covered in this book, "Holden does succeed in making us perceive that the world is crazy†1.   Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep, he checks in to the Edmont Hotel.   This is where Holden's turmoil begins.   Holden spends the following evening in this hotel which was "full of perverts and morons.   [There were] screwballs all over the place."2.   His situation only deteriorates from this point, as the more he looks around the world, the more depressing life seems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around every corner Holden sees evil.   He looks out on a world which appears completely immoral and unscrupulous.   The three days that the novel covers place a distressed Holden in the vicinity of Manhattan.   The city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's despair "seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine merriment."3.   Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts, morons and screwballs.   These convictions that Holden hold waver very momentarily during one particular scene in the book.   The scene is with Mr. Antolini.   After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervert as well.   This is the only time during the novel where Holden thinks twice about considering someone a pervert.   After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he was not making a "flitty&quo t; pass at him. He wonders if he just like patting guys heads as they sleep.   This is the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a positive side to something.   However, this event does not constitute a significant change.   As Holden himself says, "It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out."4. The sun, of course, is a reference to decency through the common association of light and goodness.  Ã‚   His perception of the world remains the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's belief that he can change the world.

John Milton’s Paradise Lost as an Epic Poetry Essay

The epic poem has been regarded ion all ages and countries as the highest form of poetry and there are great epics in almost in all the literatures in the world. As Dr. Johnson has put it, â€Å"By the general consent of critics, the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epic poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions†¦ Epic poetry undertakes to teach the most important truths by the most pleasing precepts, and therefore, relates some great event in the most affecting manner† (xix). John Milton’s Paradise Lost belongs to a rare breed of epic poetry in that it conforms to all the structural aspects of an epic, much in contrast with the decline of epic in the eighteenth century (Griffin 143-154). In the eighteenth century, the epic conventions made a gradual shift to mock-heroic poetry – a literary form that pseudo-eulogizes events of stately stature, in a bid to satirize them. But Milton, an egotist throughout his life, picks up topics of profound significance in the context of Christianity, and writes in an epic style that is perfectly complemented by content and theme. This paper is going to analyze Paradise Lost as an epic poetry. Paradise Lost, which was originally published 1667 in 10 volumes, is written in blank verse – a literary device deployed to convey freedom of expression which is commonly attributed to poems of grand scope. The poem vividly narrates the story of Satan and the Fallen Angels. Man’s expulsion from God’s abode in heaven is the main theme addressed in the book. If one takes into consideration the binding principle of epic poetry as having some fundamental and simplest of storylines, Paradise Lost qualifies per se. the story of man giving in to temptation and his subsequent fall from divine grace is a recurring theme in many world literatures. Hence, its subject matter is of universal interest. Again, the story is told within a narrative framework which is fictional in nature. The narrative flow has plenty of drifts when the poet alludes to several biblical and pagan beliefs. But the allusions are very much in keeping with the central theme of the poem – to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men† (Milton, I. 26). Johnson’s views of an epic poem substantiate the thesis pretty well. Almost all the characteristic elements of an epic poem are present in Paradise Lost: The subject matter being dealt with ought to be of a grand scale, preferably some well known tales of heroism and/or defiance of convention. Normally, the subject of an epic is expected to deal with actual historical events or imaginary but probable tales.  The action of the story must be developed by a proportionate mix of grand narrative, dialog and soliloquy.  Meditative and dramatic elements abound in epic poetry. Hence, the canvas of an epic poetry is structured with minute attention to detail, having periodical digressions relevant to the progression of the storyline. The protagonist or the hero must not represent the institutional segment of society. In other words, his actions and words should reflect offbeat ideas intended to defy institutional norms. However, the hero should also possess moral transparency and lofty idealism. The story must be based on the hero.  The language and other literary techniques should be simple yet profound. One of the rudimentary aspects of epic poetry is that it should always be expressed in a free flowing form, stripped of excesses wherever feasible. At the same time, the language should never appear as if constrained by the plot. The plot and the narrative must complement each other without limiting the immense scope of each.  An epic should always propound a lofty moral, capable of standing on its own. in other words, an epic poem must have a generic message that stands true irrespective of times or ideological differences.   It may be noted that all the aforementioned elements can be found in Milton’s Paradise Lost. In addition to this, the poem also follows classical epic conventions such as invocation to the Muse, prolific usage of epic similes and metaphors, blank versification, repetition of lines and passages, permanent epithets and so on. The subject matter of Paradise Lost is common yet sublime. The very inclusion of a biblical theme sets the poem apart from ordinary tales of man’s temporal existence. The Fall of Man has a fatalistic attribution to it, which instantly encompasses everything ever created or to be created within Miltonic cosmos. Milton’s cosmology pertains to a profoundly sagacious vision of the heaven and the earth and how they make exchanges. Satan’s revolt against the Supreme Dictator lays down the premise for an epic rendering of mankind’s perpetual urge to go against norms that put chains on free will. In keeping with epic characteristics, the poem elicits sympathetic responses from readers and critics alike. On one hand, Adam and Eve are thrown out of heaven following their cardinal sin. The divine providence they would enjoy is no longer there. This puts in perspective the hierarchical notion of the order of beings – God at the helm of affairs followed by the list of created beings. What is of epic stature is that the lower hierarchy suddenly rebels against the highest, challenging the supreme authority in a dauntless manner. Their punishment is also a part of the development of an epic. Once they are booted off heaven, readers can almost sense that intangible attributes such as immortality and permanence are lost forever. What is born of defiance is what comes to be standing in the long run – man’s original happiness and restoration of peace and love in their reasonable forms. Once Satan and his men are taught a lesson, following the epic conventions, mortals no longer dare to put themselves in any fanciful longing guided by moral cogency. As far as action is concerned, Paradise Lost unitarily follows a single course of events – all culminating in a grand climax. Milton begins the story by describing the infernal council of the rebel angels, which precedes the Fall of Man. Aspects of epic poetry are rooted in the poet’s approach here. He does not intend to simply narrate the proceedings as they occur. He stamps his own persona by suggesting the mood for revelry the Fallen Angels are in. Thus, the storyline starts from a single point in time and advances from thereon. Nothing is left behind and nothing is to be seen or apprehended in advance. The battle of the angels and the creation of earth are events that follow from one another and do not occur discordantly. Invocation of the Muse, too, is a generic pattern commonly followed in epic poems (Poplawski 266). In essence, Milton’s Paradise Lost is typical of epic poetry in multiple regards. The way it deals with the subject matter, with linguistic mastery and in an introspective mood, goes to show the unique niche the poem still enjoys in literary domains worldwide. As an authentic piece of world literature, Paradise Lost excels over contemporary heroic poetry in many ways. Right from the outset, each character has particular relevance to the story and has generic relevance to the entirety of the historical framework the poem belongs to. Such flawless technique renders a stately charm to the poem.          Works Cited Griffin, Dustin. â€Å"Problems of Literary Theory.† New Literary History 14 (1982): 143-154. Milton, John. Paradise lost: a poem in twelve books. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1868. Milton, John, Elijah Fenton, and Samuel Johnson. Paradise lost. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1821. Poplawski, Paul. English Literature in context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

P Japan Skii Case

P&G Japan: SK-II Globalization Case SK-II is a high-end skin care product, which has proven to be a success in the highly selective and competitive Japanese cosmetics market. It fits in the Japanese environment nicely. For starters, the wealthy Japanese society gives P&G a large market to target. Also, the uniquely sophisticated habits of Japanese women means they are more likely to accept the more complicated procedure required by SK-II. SK II involves six to eight steps, which is more than the number of steps of any other skin care products used in the rest of the world (1, p. ). Overall strategy of the of the organization Given this product’s success in Japan for 1999 ($150 million in sales), P&G is considering expanding its SK-II into a global brand. When doing this, management has to consider how the Japanese market compares to the other markets being proposed (China and Europe) as part of their international expansion. They should also do a thorough analysis of each of t he markets being considered for this product, and an analysis of their competitors’ firm wide international strategy.Because the Japanese market is very different from these other markets, the same level of success cannot be guaranteed. This includes the distribution channel and the supporting industries, e. g. , TV advertising is relatively cheaper in Japan than in Europe. Models and Theories P&G’s International Business-Level Strategy. Porter’s model suggests that international business-level strategies are usually grounded in one or more of these home-country factors (1, p. 274).Based on Porters model, the firm’s strategy, structure, rivalry and demand conditions seem to be significant for P&G’s international business-level strategy. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry:  SK-II is the result of the combined ingenuity of P&G’s most talented technologists from its worldwide labs, as well as the specific expertise from a Japanese group. T his combination worked well because it reflected the best of P&G's consolidated R;D while catering specifically to the needs of the Japanese market (2, p. 8).Being a global company headquartered in the U. S. makes it easier for P;G to bring its global talent to its home-country so that it can improve its R;D capabilities and thus have a competitive advantage. Having a pre-existing global structure may also make it easier to adapt this product to the needs of those other countries where P;G does business. When considering expanding the SK-II market, this competitive advantage should be considered. Demand conditions. The initial product opportunity for SK-II came about from U.S / global demand for an improved facial cleansing product (2, p. 8). That spawned the creation of SK-II as well as other products developed to meet these needs. Because SK-II was developed in response to the demand conditions in Japan, it became a highly regarded cosmetics product and survived the ferocious comp etition in the Japanese market; thus proving to be a competitive advantage. Furthermore, having a certain amount of understanding of the emerging Asian economic powers, P;G realized that fashionable people in countries like Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, etc. closely follow the fashion trends in Japan. Therefore, by entering the Japanese market and securing a substantial level of market share, P;G could have also created further competitive advantage for entering those emerging Asian markets. This strategy may even prove true in the case of entering the Chinese market. However, one may argue that China is a poorer country, but the populations in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore are basically ethnically Chinese. Therefore, their habits should be much closer than that between Japanese and Chinese.Hence, with the successful entry into the Hong Kong market, Taiwan markets can be used as a direct test of the level to which Chinese women will accept the demanding procedures of SK II (2, p. 6). P;G’s International Corporate-Level Strategy International Corporate-level strategy can be classified into three different types: multidomestic, global, or transnational (1, p. 277). November, 1999 was an interesting point of time for P;G because the firm’s corporate level strategy appears to be shifting from a multidomestic strategy to a transnational, or perhaps global, strategy.This is being done through the O2005 initiative, and explains some of the struggles P;G may face trying to expand the SK-II product globally. As discussed in the case analysis, P;G was â€Å"in the midst of a bold but disruptive Organization 2005 restructuring program. As GBU’s took over profit responsibility historically held by P&G’s country-based organizations, management was still trying to negotiate their new working relationships. † (2, p. 1) This quote explains P;G’s international corporate level strategy, both where it was, and where it’s trying to g o.A tell tale sign of a multidomestic corporate level strategy was for P;G to have profit responsibility held by their country-based organizations. A multidomestic strategy has strategic and operating decisions decentralized to each country to allow products to be tailored to each local market (1, p. 277). The opposite is true for a global corporate strategy. Under an international global corporate strategy, products are standardized across all markets and economies of scale are emphasized (1, p. 280). This was the direction P;G was headed in when GBU’s took over profit responsibility.In fact, this structure is very similar to a ‘worldwide product divisional structure’ which supports the use of a global strategy (1, p. 280). However, during the SK-II development through the expansion proposal, P;G’s international corporate strategy appears to be a transnational strategy, which combines aspects of the two aforementioned strategies. This is done in order to emphasize both local responsiveness and global integration and coordination. This is true with the SK II project. When the SK-II product was first created it was done so on a global level to meet a global demand.The product was then localized for the Japanese market. For instance, separate marketing teams were used in the U. S. and in Japan to develop this product for each market (2, p. 8). By first creating one product to meet global demand rather than regional demand, P;G was able to achieve economies of scale and efficiencies by having one R;D team working on a product that would meet many regions needs. However, P;G then allowed each region some flexibility in how they marketed, priced, and distributed this product.This was a big reason for SK-II’s success in Japan. It is apparent that P;G has adopted a transnational strategy. In line with the characteristics of that strategy, P;G is considering expanding a product proven to be successful in a demanding (Japanese) market in to other markets. By doing so, P;G will need to rely on aspects of a global strategy that uses a standardized product for the global market such that the competitive advantages in the home-country (Japan) can be leveraged out globally, thus achieving economies of scale.P;G will also need to rely on aspects of a multidomestic strategy that pays great attention to various unique features of different markets. For the Greater China market and the European market, P;G will need to make an effort to fit into the local environment in order to achieve success in a different culture from Japan. In order for this transnational strategy to work for the SK-II expansion, the P;G corporate structure must have good communication and flexibility. Without that, a transnational strategy will not be as effective, and the SK-II expansion may not succeed.Industry environmental analysis: Porter’s ‘The Five Forces of Competition’ Model Paolo de Cesare knew there were significant ri sks in his proposal to expand SK-II into China and Europe. This skin care line from P;G has been a huge success in Japan, a country where customers, distribution channels and competitors were different from those in most other countries. The Model of ‘The Five Forces of Competition’ helps describe the current situation of SK-II in Japan as well as analyze the Industry Environment in P;G’s target market for its skin care line.This information can be used by P;G when deciding whether or not to launch SK-II in China and the United Kingdom. Japan:  In this special market, where the world’s leading per capita consumers and highly sophisticated users of beauty products are, the threat of a new entrance seems to be very low. There exist entry barriers that make it difficult for new firms to enter this particular market. Among these barriers is the difficult access to the complex Japanese distribution system and the product differentiation of the very competitiv e companies that already share the market (3, p. 1).Companies as Shiseido, Lion, Kao, and Kanebo compete for market share, suggesting that with few big players in a slow growing market there is strong rivalry (4, p. 1). Furthermore, the low switching costs of the skin care products makes easy for competitors to attract buyers from the rivals, thus enhancing the competition. The threat of substitute products for SK-II in Japan is high because of the high innovative capacity of P;G’s competitors, Kao and Lion (5, p. 1). These Japanese companies spend huge amounts in research and development to be on top of the technological challenge.The bargaining power of the buyers is not the main factor to set the price, but competence for market share among competitors is. This lets customers have many options to choose from. Additionally, the bargaining power of suppliers doesn’t seem significant for this industry as well. China:  Just the opposite of the Japanese market, the Chi nese market has a high threat of new entrances. The Chinese prestige-beauty segment is growing fast, at 30% to 40% a year and is very attractive for new firms to enter. Almost all-major competitors are already there: Lancome, Shiseido, and Kao are examples of companies selling products in China (6, p. ). The intensity of rivalry among the competitors is still low, because this growing market reduces the pressure for firms to take customers from competitors. However, the threat of substitute products is high, because the big players in the Chinese market are mostly global firms, with high innovative capacity. The bargaining power of suppliers and buyers is low. Europe:  Well-respected companies including Estee Lauder, Lancome, Clinique, Chanel and Dior crowd the field of high profile skin care products, resulting in high competence among existing competitors and a low threat of new entrances.The brands’ prestige and the loyalty of their sophisticated and beauty-conscious cus tomers are high entry barriers. As in Japan and China, the threat of substitutes is high because of the brand’s globalization, and the fact that those companies can easily legally imitate their competitor’s new products. The bargaining power of the buyers is high because of the multiple options they have to choose from. As in the previously described markets, the bargaining power of suppliers is not significant. Five forces vs. market table | Japan| China| United Kingdom|Threat of new entrants| Low| High| Low| Bargaining Power of suppliers| Low| Low| Low| Bargaining Power of buyers| High| Low| High| Threat of substitute products| High| High| High| Intensity of rivalry among competitors| High| Low| High| The I/O and Resource Based Models of Above-Average Returns Regardless of what geographic market Proctor ; Gamble plan to enter with SK-II, they need to carefully observe and learn from those companies already in that market. They have to find out what it is that success ful firms are doing to gain and maintain market share.The I/O model of above-average returns dictates that firms in the same industry generally possess the same resources and pursue similar strategies in order to achieve high returns (1, p. 14). On the other hand, P;G has to utilize its own resources and capabilities which are not similar to competitors in the high-end cosmetics industry. This theory is based on the resource model of above-average returns. The resource model maintains that firms in an industry generally do not have similar resources and capabilities, and that a firm’s unique resources provide a competitive advantage (1, p. 6). The best strategy for P;G to pursue in taking SK-II to the global marketplace is to congruously use these two models. In Japan, where P;G had a large market share in this industry, they utilized their extensive technological resources and extensive research and development. While these resources were spread over the cosmetics industry ( each firm has extensive research and development and technological resources), P;G had the advantage of being a large corporation with deeper pockets than many competitors.With the decision of taking SK-II into the global marketplace looming, these two models serve as effective tools in determining which geographical markets SK-II can flourish. In some cases, as with the U. K. market, the application of these two models can reveal that it might be a better decision to enter a particular market. In the U. K. , many firms are fiercely competing for share in a saturated market. The firms’ resources and capabilities are spread thinly across the market. This makes it difficult to establish and maintain a competitive advantage. Contrary to the U. K. arketplace, the Chinese cosmetics market is still growing. P;G has the opportunity to leverage its own competitive advantages to enter this market with full force. While SK-II has little visibility outside of Japan (2, p. 6), P;G could use their Japanese market experience to develop an effective strategy for entering other markets such as China, Europe, and eventually the United States. They had established market share in Japan, but the other geographical markets consist of different environments and different competitors who possess different resources and capabilities.As of 2004, P;G’s most recent challenge is entering the very competitive U. S. cosmetics market with SK-II. It is planned for release in America for February 2004, sold exclusively at Saks Fifth Avenue. Comparison to other organizations L’oreal Comparison. L'oreal has been one of P&G's major global competitors in the cosmetics industry. L’oreal's transnational strategy has led them to be  the number one in  (#1 what? ) the world. In 1994 P&G was number two but they have since dropped to number four.Part of the reason for this has been L’oreal’s ability to capitalize in the international markets. L’orea l has steadily become the leader in cosmetics by their ability to adapt their products to the global market and achieve a high level of efficiency. L'oreal's transnational strategy has allowed it to build a strong global structure while still leaving room for different adjustments that might be needed at a local level. For example, L’oreal's ‘Free Hold’ line (a mousse) was originally priced on the high end of the market, targeted for a higher class of consumer.Once it was realized that the market for their mousse products could be aimed at a younger or less affluent target, L’oreal released a studio line that was less expensive than the Free Hold line (7, p. 1). This example shows that L’oreal is willing to use different price levels in different regions or demographics. L'oreal has also adjusted its management structure by specific job function. For example, both U. S. and Europe have a VP of operations. This type of management allows for the busin esses to implement necessary changes at the local level that might not be needed throughout the entire corporation.These factors allow for the continued success that L’oreal has when using a transnational business strategy on an international level. Proctor and Gamble is trying to go in a different direction than L’oreal when trying to expand their international business. P&G mostly uses a global strategy where seven global business units that would take control and implement changes into the local businesses (2, p. 5). This approach uses the SBU’s to makes changes at the local level while still maintaining the best interest of the corporation.With SK-II, P&G seems to be completing their transition from a transnational strategy to this global strategy. In a global strategy a company offers standardized products with strategies dictated from the main headquarters. This type of strategy produces less risk for P&G, but it also lowers the chance for potential growth by letting local markets dictate their own strategy. With a global strategy, a business does not take into consideration the local demand by adapting their products to the needs of the people in that area.The global strategy essentially says that whatever the main company decides is best for the company no matter where it is located. (this is already mentioned above, and may be repetitive†¦also, no reference is made to the text where this was taken from) P&G has a different corporate structure than that of L’oreal based on their different business strategies. P&G has fewer managers that are in charge of the phases of business. For instance, P&G does not have multiple people holding the same positions in different countries where they do business.This structure does not allow for as much adaptation to the regional needs of the consumers. Estee Lauder. The Estee Lauder Company prides itself on being one of the world's leading manufacturers and marketers of quality skin ca re, makeup, fragrance and hair care products (9, p. 1). Under the Estee Lauder name there are many brands and line divisions including the self-titled Estee Lauder division. Similar to SK-II, Estee Lauder has a large international presence  (SKII is still only in Japan.. at least at the time of the case†¦should this be changed to say P;G? and sells principally through limited distribution channels to compliment the images associated with its brands (10, p. 1). By using a combination of global and multidomestic strategy, Estee Lauder’s strategy is much like the previously mentioned â€Å"transnational strategy† (1, p. 282). There are several top level executives that have a large responsibility to global operations. For example, Patrick Bousquet-Chavanne is a Group President and is responsible for marketing, sales and financial direction of all brands within The Estee Lauder Companies in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and the Asia/Pacific region. However, he has also established consolidated regional Product Development Centers in Paris and Tokyo (10, p. 1). The Estee Lauder Companies believe in a strong central philosophy typically found in organizations that use a global strategy but also show the willingness for ideas to come from all areas of the business. Their multiple research and development sites in New York, Belgium, Japan, Ontario, and Minnesota prove this  (this just proves that headquarters has opened multiple centers for R;D†¦it doesn’t really prove that ‘decisions’ are made in regional areas of their business).In order to keep their product responsiveness quick, Estee Lauder’s company website speaks of manufacturing sites in the U. S. , Belgium, Switzerland, the UK, and Canada. Estee Lauder has found a successful mix of upper-end cosmetic products with  Estee Lauder  and  Clinique. While both products are priced with high-end cosmetics, they are differentiated enough to each bring in significant market share. From these results, The Estee Lauder Companies do well at mixing both a multidomestic and global strategy into a successful transnational strategy.Current State of P;G Currently the CEO of P;G is A. G. Lafley, a 1969 graduate of Hamilton College (not Harvard), who was previously in charge of the Beauty Care GBU. Under Lafley’s leadership, P;G has drastically changed its corporate structure and focus. Within the last year or two, P;G has outsourced all of its back-office operations, including $3 billion worth of IT business outsourced to IBM (13, p. 1). This recent outsourcing trend also includes many of the Global Business Services (GBS) that were a major part of the corporate structure in 1999.Now GBS’s like Finance and HR have been outsourced so that P;G can focus on concentrating on its core products and competencies (14, p. 1). According to its most recent annual report, P;G’s core competencies are ‘branding, inn ovation, and scale’, and this focus can be seen in the business decisions made by Lafley (11, p. 6). P;G’s corporate structure has gone through a restructuring that consists of more than just the reduction of unnecessary GBS’s. The international corporate strategy of P;G has clearly become transnational.There are currently 5 GBU’s which work to provide speed to market, as well as centralized product control for P;G. The GBU’s work closely with seven Market Development Organizations (MDO’s) who work with the local customers and country business teams to develop the right product mix for over 160 countries that P;G does business. (11, pp. 5 – 7) The coordination between these two groups shows P;G’s focus on using a transnational strategy to become a profitable global business in the 21st  century. Recommendations China:  We recommend P;G enter the Chinese market.As was previously discussed, the tremendous growth potential of this market is well worth the high import tariffs and government delays in the import process. If anything, these delays only further stress the importance of starting the process of entering China now, rather than later. There is also a risk of profit loss due to counterfeiting in China. However, because competition has already begun to enter the market, it is extremely important for P;G to also enter to take advantage of the increased growth rate while it exists. Europe:  We recommend P;G do NOT enter the European market.This market appears to already saturated, and growth in the region does not appear to be very strong. We are also concerned with the modest forecasted gains in relation to the expected losses incurred entering this market. P;G does not have expertise dealing with the perfumeries in Germany and France, and so we recommend that they look to acquire/partner with another company who has proven success in this region, should they decide to expand into these markets. Perhaps the recent acquisition of Wella could provide this kind of expertise.With the mixed results from the testing done in the UK, we recommend P;G do some more subjective research in this area before deciding to expand the SK-II line here. Japan:  We recommend P;G expand the SK-II product line in Japan. This is the home country for the SK-II line, and has already established a market for the product. While the slowing market growth and increased competition will result in companies having to fight for market share, SK-II’s proven success here should help this product line as it expands. A more plentiful SK-II product line may also help solidify its brand name as it expands to other countries.

Medical Terminology Draft Essays

Medical Terminology Draft Essays Medical Terminology Draft Paper Medical Terminology Draft Paper In most instances of medical jobs, the knowledge of medical terminology is not only helpful it is essential to the performance of the job. Medical jargon changes with location and the entrance of new technology into the workplace. Each and every location has its personal quirks due to personnel. Medical people like to work speedily and any shortcut will be appreciated by all. In the second place, speed is essential in most medical situations. The faster personnel complete the job, the sooner the patient heals, the sooner the patient can leave the hospital, clinic or office. In the information management profession, one needs to be able to decipher the particular jargon to record the information accurately, and efficiently. Each location generates the generally known language of the specialty or situation being done plus its own local input which may or may not be generally known profession-wide. It is essential to know what is being communicated. The information must be recorded correctly for the medical record’s sake (legal) and dissemination of the information’s sake. Accurate information is necessarily needed in all medical jobs. In medical information jobs it is essential. Above all, the accuracy of the information has to be innate in any and all situations. The record may at any time be subpoenaed or called for review by anyone at any time. References cited: Retrieved March 13, 2007 from ahima. org/er/about_him_professionals. asp.

buy custom Mayan Demise essay

buy custom Mayan Demise essay There is no doubt that The Maya are widely known for initiating civilization of Mesoamerica. Research suggests three periods characterized the Mayan civilization. The periods include the Pre-Classic between 300BC and 250AD, Classic Period 250AD and 900AD, and Post Classic between 900AD (Alex, 2007). All the periods were very significant in the history of Mayan civilization. However, around 750AD, during the post Classic period, the Mayan civilization witnessed a systematic collapse or demise. Subsequently, various theories, myths and tales have been postulated in an attempt to explain how this great civilization collapsed. A theory presented in Kerr's journal points at climate changes as the catalyst towards the disappearance of the Maya civilization (Mark, 2007). The Mayan agricultural system relied on clearing the rain forest and burning of the vegetation to provide land for various agricultural practices. Their population continued to grow and with time, the fields could not be left uncultivated or fallow for long enough to regain fertility. The fields were then overworked and production stifled, therefore, there was inadequate food for the local wildlife and this led to migration and scattering (Michael, 1992). Another theory suggests war as the possible cause for the decline of the Mayan system. Jared Diamond in his book How the societies choose to fail or succeed explains that the Mayan leaders used many of their resources to warfare, while simultaneously forgetting that resources were finite (Mark, 2007). This numerous warfare could have prompted the Mayans to flee discard and abandon their agricultural methods, which were conventional. With intense war and lack of food, Mayans may have fled for survival.New diseases could also break out causing mayhem because of war with strange new people. This might have resulted to the decline of the Mayan society. I tend to support the second theory on warfare as the most probable cause of the decline of the Mayan civilization. This is because it is possible for a government to make wrong decisions in warfare using laws that mislead the people and premises of justice (Alex, 2007). Every government has individuals who neglect their responsibilities hence hurting the people or even leading to distinction. It is therefore possible that the Mayan decline was a result of poor decisions by faulty officials. Buy custom Mayan Demise essay

Preparing Students for the Testing Season

Preparing Students for the Testing Season Spring  is traditionally the  season  of beginnings, and for middle and high school students, spring is often the beginning of the testing season. There are district tests, state tests, and national tests for students in grades 7-12 that begin in March and continue through the end of the school year. Many of these tests are mandated by legislation.   In a typical public school, a student will take  at least one  standardized test  annually. Those high school students who enroll in college credit courses  may take even more tests. Each of these standardized tests is designed to take a minimum of 3.5 hours to complete. Adding up this time over the course of  the six years between grades 7-12, the average student participates in standardized testing for 21 hours or  the  equivalent of  three full  school days. Educators can first provide the information that helps students better understand the purpose of a specific test. Is the test going to measure their individual growth or is the test going to measure their performance against others?   Two Kinds of Standardized Testing for Grades 7-12 The  standardized tests  that are used in grades 7-12 are either  designed as norm-referenced or as criterion-referenced tests. Each test is designed for a different measure. A norm-referenced test is designed to compare and rank students (similar in age or grade) in relation to one another: Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student Norm-referenced tests usually are simple to administer and easy to score because they are usually designed as multiple-choice tests.    The criterion-referenced  tests are designed to measure student performance against an expectation: Criterion-referenced  tests and  assessments  are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or  learning standards Learning standards are descriptions by grade level of what students are expected to know and be able to do.  The criterion-referenced tests used to measure learning progress can also measure gaps in student learning.   Preparing Students for the Structure of Any Test Teachers can help prepare students for both  kinds standardized tests, both norm-referenced  tests and criterion-referenced  tests. Educators can explain to students the purpose of both criterion referenced and  the norm-referenced test so students will have a better understanding when they read the results. Most importantly, they can expose students to the pace of the exam, to the format of the exam and to the language of the exam. There are practice passages  in texts and online from different tests that will allow students to become more familiar with  the format of the test. To prepare students for the pace of the exam, teachers can offer some practice testing under conditions that mimic the actual test. There are released tests or materials that mimic the test that students should be encouraged to take independently. A timed practice text is particularly helpful is giving students the experience so they will know how fast they have to move to answer all the questions. Multiple practice sessions for timed essay writing should be offered if there is an essay section, for example, like the AP exams. Teachers have to coach students to determine a pace that works for them and recognize given how much â€Å"average† time they will need to read and answer an  open-ended question. Students might practice how to survey the whole test at the beginning and then look at the number of questions, point value, and difficulty of each section. This practice will help them to budget their time. Exposure to the format of the exam will also help student distinguish the amount of time that might be needed in reading multiple choice  questions. For example, one standardized test section requires students answer   75 questions in 45 minutes. That means students have an average of 36 seconds per question. Practice can help students adjust to this speed. In addition, understanding the format can help students negotiate the layout of a test, especially if the standardized test has moved to an online platform. Online testing means a student must be proficient in keyboarding, and also know which keyboarding feature is available for use. For example, the computer-adaptive tests, like the SBAC, may not allow students to return to a section with an unanswered question.   Multiple Choice Preparation Educators can also help students practice with how tests are administered. While some of these remain pen and paper tests, other tests have moved to online testing platforms. A part of test preparation, educators may offer students  the following multiple choice question strategies: If any part of the answer is not true, then the answer is incorrect.  When there are identical responses, then neither is correct.Consider no change or none of the above as a valid answer choice.Students should eliminate and cross off those distracting answers that are absurd  or obviously incorrect.Recognize transition words that  describe relationships between ideas in choosing a response.  The stem or start of the question should agree grammatically   (same tense) with the correct answer, so students should quietly read the question aloud to test each possible response.Correct answers may offer relative qualifiers such as sometimes or often, while incorrect answers are generally  written in absolute language and do not allow for exceptions. Before taking any tests, students should know if the test gives a penalty  for incorrect responses; if there is no penalty, students should be advised to guess if they dont know the answer.    If there is a difference in the point value of a question, students should plan on how they will  spend time on the more weighted sections of the test. They should also know how to split their time between multiple choice and essay answers if that is not already separated by section in the test. Essay or Open-Ended Response Preparation Another part of test preparation is  teaching students to prepare for essays or open-ended responses. Students to write directly on paper tests, take notes or use the highlighting feature on computer tests in order to identify sections that can be used for evidence in essay responses: Follow the directions by looking carefully at keywords: Answer A  or  B vs.  A  and  B.Use facts in different ways: to compare/ contrast, in  sequence or to provide a description.Organize facts  based on headings in informational texts.Use transitions with enough context in a sentence or paragraph to make the relationships between facts clear.Suggest that  students answer easiest questions first.Suggest students write on only one side of the page.Encourage students to leave a large space at the beginning of a response, or to leave a page  in between,  in the event a student ends up with a different thesis or position or would like to add or to change details later if time permits.   When time is limited, students should draft an outline by listing key points and the order they plan to answer them.   While this would not count as a complete essay, some credit for evidence and organization may be credited.   Which Tests Are Which? Tests are often better known by their acronyms than why they are used or what they are testing. To get balanced data  from their assessments, some states may have students take  norm-referenced tests as well as  criterion-referenced tests in different grade levels. The most familiar  norm-referenced tests  are those designed to rank students  on a  bell curve The  NAEP  (The National Assessment of Educational Progress)  reports  statistical information about student performance and factors related to educational performance for the nation and for specific demographic groups in the population (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender);The SAT  (Scholastic Aptitude Test and/or  Scholastic Assessment Test);  Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600, combining test results from two 800-point sections: mathematics, and critical reading and writing.  The following states  have opted to use the SAT as a high school  exit exam:  Colorado,  Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Idaho* (or ACT), Illinois, Maine*, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island*. (*optional)  PSAT/NMSQT  a precursor to the SAT.  The test is composed of four sections: two Math Sections, Critical Reading, and Writing Skills used to determine eligibility and qualification for the  National Merit Scholarship Program.  Students in grades 8-1 0 are the target audience for the PSAT.  The  ACT  (American College Test) is four  content area tests  scored individually on a scale of 1–36, with the composite score as the whole number average. The ACT does have elements of  a criterion-referenced in that it also compares how a student performs compared to ACT College Readiness Standards which are regularly reviewed.  The following states  have opted to use the  ACT  as a high school  exit exam:   Colorado,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Utah. ACT Aspire  tests map learner progress from elementary grades through high school on a vertical scale which is anchored to the scoring system of the ACT. Challenges to the tradition of norm-referenced testing came with  the expansion of  criterion-referenced tests in 2009 when tests were designed to measure  the impact of the  Common Core State Standards (CCSS).These  criterion-referenced  tests determine how college and career ready a student is in English Language Arts and in mathematics.   While initially embraced by 48 states, the two testing consortiums have the remaining states committed to using their platforms: The  Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers  (PARCC) in the following states  Colorado,  District of Columbia,  Illinois,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  New Jersey, New Mexico,  Rhode IslandThe  Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium  (SBAC)  The states that use this  SBAC computer adaptive testing include:  California,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Hawaii,  Idaho,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Montana,  Nevada, New Hampshire,  North Carolina,  North Dakota,  Oregon,  South Dakota,  U.S. Virgin Islands,  Vermont,  Washington,  West Virginia The College Board  Advanced Placement (AP)  exams  are also criterion referenced. These exams are created by the College Board as  college-level exams in specific content areas.  A high score (5) on the exam may award college credit. At the conclusion of the spring testing season, the results of all these tests are then analyzed by different stakeholders in order determine student progress, possible curriculum revision, and in some states, teacher evaluation. The analysis of these tests can guide the development of a schools educational plan for the following school year. Spring may be the season for testing in the nations middle and high schools, but preparation for an analysis of these tests are a school year long enterprise.

Love in Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and 'We Real Cool' Essay

Love in Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and 'We Real Cool' - Essay Example By contrast, in our times, even with the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell, and of marriage equality in New York and other states, the love portrayed in literature often follows the so-called 'traditional' set-up of a man and a woman. There are also other ways in which literary portrayals of love have changed over time – for example, Shakespeare's works glorify love but modern works sometimes downplay its role in our lives. What does this signify? The different portrayals of love in the following three texts can, at least in part, be attributed to the time of their writing: Hamlet, in 1600, reflects a world in which love was idealized but often not really part of reality. Marriages were arranged according to property ownership and convenience – and what could be more convenient than the late king's brother taking over his role, wife included? The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, written by Katherine Anne Porter in 1930, presents love as important but not a driving force. Gran ny's stream-of-consciousness returns repeatedly to her being left at the altar, but also to her own strength as a successful single mother at the beginning of the twentieth century. Ultimately, though, her lost love pales in significance when compared to her 'jilting' from God. Finally, in 1960, Brooks' poem â€Å"We Real Cool† shows love as a reticent issue, masked by more important, wilder behaviour. This leads one to ask: now, fifty years after â€Å"We Real Cool†, what role does love play in modern literature, and is it as reflective of our reality as Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and â€Å"We Real Cool† were in their times? ... s love play in modern literature, and is it as reflective of our reality as Hamlet, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, and â€Å"We Real Cool† were in their times? This paper will look at the relationships of these texts in terms of language and context to show that love is an evolving force in literature. Love in Hamlet, like every other theme in the play, is a multifaceted and complex presence: Hamlet's adoration of his mother, tempered by vicious disgust, has been interpreted as his â€Å"sexual desire† for her, stimulated by â€Å"his sense of his mother's guilt† (Jardine, 38); his relationship with Ophelia is also one of destructive love, and his words to her oscillate wildly between kindness and hatred (â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery, go!† Shakespeare, III.i). Some critics have argued that Hamlet's perception of his mother as weak - â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† (Shakespeare, I.ii) – influences how he sees Ophelia. Hamlet's relationshi p with Ophelia is clouded not just by his misogyny, but by his complete self-absorption: his melancholy takes precedence over her love for him, causing him to be cruel and sending Ophelia into a madness fueled by the loss of her father and her partner. However, the older couple in the play, Gertrude and Claudius, appears to be a genuinely happy one, if the reader examines the text closely and refuses to take Hamlet's interpretation of their marriage as read. Claudius is an effective king who deals diplomatically with events ranging in scale from the military threat from Norway to Hamlet's depression (Shakespeare, I.ii); Gertrude is a caring mother who independently invites her son's friends to Elsinore to alleviate his sorrow (II.ii); together they are a passionate couple who, in Hamlet's own words, spend time â€Å"honeying and making

The Use of Financial Tools in the Management Process Term Paper

The Use of Financial Tools in the Management Process - Term Paper Example Investments have related interest expense amounts. The same return shows the interest rate that is used to generate a resultant zero net present value. The present value is arrived at by using an interest rate in the computation. The annual or periodic cash inflow is collected. Examples of inflows of cash are: ? 260 for year 1, ? 280 for year 2, ? 250 and for year 3. The interest rate is given. The periodic or annual inflows of cash are multiplied by the present value factor (interest rate). The result of the multiplication activity is the present value amount of the periodic inflows of cash (Hilton, 2011). To computation of the rate of internal return, the present values are determined. Next, the decision maker must equate the cost of the investment as the total inflows of cash. Subtracting the two accounts, the net present value is nil (Daft, 2011). Next, the internal rate of return can be easily computed (Sollenberger, 2008). The total present value of net inflows of cash is divid ed by the total inflows of cash. The computation outcome is traced is plotted on the net present value table. The decision maker searches for the column where the division result falls. Further, the internal rate of return (IRR) tool is used to compare the financial performance of two or more entities. For example, the internal rate of return of Reagan Company is 6 percent. Further, Washington Company has an internal rate of return of 8 percent. Comparing the two companies’ internal rate of return, Washington Company has a better internal rate of return. The company with a higher internal rate of return output shows a financially better business image (Gitman, 2008). Compared with the net present value decision-making tool, the internal rate of return is a better management tool. Most decision makers prefer the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return places importance on times’ effect on money, cash flows. Time value analysis includes placing a higher value on the earlier collection or payment of cash amounts over the same amount of cash collected at later years.  

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism - Essay Example The works reflect the priorities and opinions of four feminist authors, revealing some consistent ideas of and goals for the feminist movement, yet also manifesting different perspectives on how feminist ideology can and should be defined and realized. To begin, a recurrent thread in, and indeed the prominent thrust of all four readings, is the need to challenge and undermine the heterosexual value system embedded in our society. In "Lesbian Ethics," Sarah Hoagland succinctly explains heterosexualism as a "way of living" that accepts a balance between men "dominating and de-skilling women" and women "consequently valuing an ethics of dependence" (452). As such, men are always in the role of either protector or predator, thereby creating a self-perpetuating system of men preying on women, the victims, who thus require the protection of men (Hoagland 452-53). And, the woman who bravely attempts to break this vicious pattern by refusing to play the feminine role, such as the active feminist, is perceived as having surrendered her need for protection, thereby subjecting herself to the attacks of her predators (Hoagland 453-54). Such women suffer from a "vocabulary of abuse" (Ruddick 450) and erroneous depictions that not only indict t heir judgment and character (Ruddick 450), but threaten their physical safety as well (Hoagland 453-54). From this heterosexual value system arises a "concept of 'woman'" (Hoagland 456) that these four feminists recognize as an absolute deterrent to their ideas and goals. According to Hoagland, our current perceptions lack an awareness of female power, an understanding of the violence that women as a group suffer, and a sense of female resistance to male domination (457). It is this concept, depicting women as breeding sex objects with male-defined identities and values, that Hoagland seeks to destroy (458-60). Similarly, in "Feminism and the Environment: An Overview of the Issues," Karen J. Warren discusses theories of how the conceptualization of women and nature accounts for the historical domination of both (497). Warren recognizes that certain theorists have espoused the belief that our society perceives that which is associated with emotion, women and nature as inferior to that which is associated with rationality and men (497). Moreover, the tendency to discuss nature in terms that are both female and dominating - "[n]ature is raped, mastered, conquered, controlled, mined," "[v]irgin timber is felled," "[f]ertile soil is tilled," and unproducing land is "barren" - has given rise to an "oppressive conceptual framework" that has effected and perpetuated societal domination of women and nature by men (Warren 497, 501). The relevance of this same, oppressive concept of woman and its impact on the development of feminist theory is recognized and expanded by Bell Hooks in "Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory." For Hooks, though, the formation of feminist ideology and its definition of "woman," originally dominated and skewed by white feminists who had more access to education, funds, and an audience than did black women, does not reflect the realities of the struggles and oppressions prevalent in society today (487). Indeed, according to Hooks, white women tend to maintain and perpetuate the

'Sound business models are a necessary component in a healthy visual Essay

'Sound business models are a necessary component in a healthy visual arts ecology and essential for most publicly funded organ - Essay Example The focus would be on what can be changed as well as the aspects that have so far worked well in the same (Beder, 2006). In general perspectives, most of the business models that are being used in sector of visual arts are perceived as generally weak, and mostly subject to vulnerability conditions that have since hindered or even reduced to a great proportion the funding to the sector. This is a belief that is widely supported by research by various scholars who have once studied the same. For instance, most organizations in the visual arts sector are considered to have been under-capitalized, with their reserves being barely minimal to even support growth ideas and projects in the organizations. The effect of this is that the organizations can barely protect themselves from financial crisis moments in which case even the necessary reforms in the sector are thwarted. However, in real sense, such organizations if they can exploit their potentials have the capabilities to increase thei r activities hence, be able to convert some of the losses they have incurred into additional income. In this paper, I will seek to present the arguments that are against and those that are for the use of sound business models in visual arts ecology as a healthy component. The achievement of this will be made possible through the analysis of some of the obstacles that have hindered organizations from achieving their targets in ensuring that they have sound business models. The sector of visual arts is very lucrative and entails a lot of creativity hence, the need for firms that seek to invest into it to have updated and modern, sound business models that can enhance substantial growth in the same. However, like any other sector in the economic structure of a country, it is faced with challenges that have threatened to derail projects and stall development of business models intended for its use (Milne, Tregidga & Walton, 2009). Contemporary visual art world and arguments In the moder n world of visual arts, there exists a strong flavor of individualism in which the economic values for the development of such business models are enhanced. When this is considered from the perspective of a business growth concept, several problems may arise leading to its dispute. One such issue may be that by business being a collective issues, at times it may be extremely difficult for the organization to attain anything good if it does not consider or understand the value of the same. For a start, this has been the main argument against the establishment of sound business models by organizations (Ewing, 2010). The second argument against this development of business models is that while the business field warrants free entry and exit of firms and ideas, and as such just presents more challenges to businesses than solutions. For instance, it is viewed that such a free entry does not imply that the increased customer base will lead to translated high revenues by the firm (Bundy, 2 002, p.45). Consequently, even the overheads of the business and the surpluses may not necessarily imply that there will be increased business activities hence, high revenues. The opposite is always true with

For presentaition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For presentaition - Essay Example For this man, music and dating girls was very closely connected. As he got older, his tastes did change and he found that his desire to buy records changed as well. By the time he was in his 20’s, he felt that records were more for kids, not adults. By this time he was married and had a family, so most of his media consumption switched to radio. He remembers that he has a small transistor radio that he would listen to at work. I would pick-up a local radio station that played a lot of country and western music, so he started to enjoy this type of music more, especially Johnny Cash and Roy Orbison. The radio also became his main source of hearing news reports. He said that he rarely had time to sit down to read the newspaper while his kids were at home, so he would listen to news over his transistor radio. He still remembered the first car he had that had a radio. He said that that was a very big, exciting purchase for him. I was amazed at how little he had to do with television. He says that it had never appealed to him, even in the early days when everyone was going crazy for it. He said, â€Å"There wasn’t anything worth watching on television fifty years ago and the last time I checked, nothing has changed!† Even though he is less active now, he still chooses to listen to the radio instead of watching television, only now he listens to radio stations over the

'Sound business models are a necessary component in a healthy visual Essay

'Sound business models are a necessary component in a healthy visual arts ecology and essential for most publicly funded organ - Essay Example The focus would be on what can be changed as well as the aspects that have so far worked well in the same (Beder, 2006). In general perspectives, most of the business models that are being used in sector of visual arts are perceived as generally weak, and mostly subject to vulnerability conditions that have since hindered or even reduced to a great proportion the funding to the sector. This is a belief that is widely supported by research by various scholars who have once studied the same. For instance, most organizations in the visual arts sector are considered to have been under-capitalized, with their reserves being barely minimal to even support growth ideas and projects in the organizations. The effect of this is that the organizations can barely protect themselves from financial crisis moments in which case even the necessary reforms in the sector are thwarted. However, in real sense, such organizations if they can exploit their potentials have the capabilities to increase thei r activities hence, be able to convert some of the losses they have incurred into additional income. In this paper, I will seek to present the arguments that are against and those that are for the use of sound business models in visual arts ecology as a healthy component. The achievement of this will be made possible through the analysis of some of the obstacles that have hindered organizations from achieving their targets in ensuring that they have sound business models. The sector of visual arts is very lucrative and entails a lot of creativity hence, the need for firms that seek to invest into it to have updated and modern, sound business models that can enhance substantial growth in the same. However, like any other sector in the economic structure of a country, it is faced with challenges that have threatened to derail projects and stall development of business models intended for its use (Milne, Tregidga & Walton, 2009). Contemporary visual art world and arguments In the moder n world of visual arts, there exists a strong flavor of individualism in which the economic values for the development of such business models are enhanced. When this is considered from the perspective of a business growth concept, several problems may arise leading to its dispute. One such issue may be that by business being a collective issues, at times it may be extremely difficult for the organization to attain anything good if it does not consider or understand the value of the same. For a start, this has been the main argument against the establishment of sound business models by organizations (Ewing, 2010). The second argument against this development of business models is that while the business field warrants free entry and exit of firms and ideas, and as such just presents more challenges to businesses than solutions. For instance, it is viewed that such a free entry does not imply that the increased customer base will lead to translated high revenues by the firm (Bundy, 2 002, p.45). Consequently, even the overheads of the business and the surpluses may not necessarily imply that there will be increased business activities hence, high revenues. The opposite is always true with

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-Business - Essay Example Once Grandma’s Treats has a proper website in place, the next priority is to maximize traffic to the website. There are numerous ways of promoting a website such as; banner advertising, cross media advertising, search engine registration etc. It recommended that Granma’s Treats initially implements the following modes of promoting website. Banner advertising is undoubtedly is the most popular form of advertising on the web. Banner advertising involves putting banners which serve as hyperlinks to your website, on various popular sites. There are both paid and unpaid forms of banner advertising available these days. The unpaid form of banner advertising is referred to as banner exchange – which involves putting banners of other website on your website in return for having your banner placed on other websites (Wilson. 1999). It is recommended that Grandma’s Treats doesn’t indulge in the banner exchange program as having banners on the e-commerce will distract the visitors. So, the best alternative is to go for paid banner advertising, it is important to make a wise decision when choosing a site for placing banner advertisement. The site must be related to gourmet food industry o else the site must be popular locally in he region in which Grandma’s Treats does business. The design of the banner ad is crucial. It should stand out and make people click instinctively (Ryder). Placing banner on the right side of the page is also a good idea as it will be easily noticed, since normally people read from left to right (Ryder. 2007). In order to maximize traffic it is essential to have banner ads on numerous websites. A disadvantage of banner advertising is that it is difficult to track how much they contribute to total sales (Wilson. 1999). However, banner advertising does guarantee increased traffic and it is one of the oldest forms of advertising on the web and it

MBA sem 1 Essay Example for Free

MBA sem 1 Essay Parts of vision statement 1. The core values are those things very close to your heart that you will not give up at any cost. It can be integrity (for example, I will never cheat on the taxes I have to pay) or quality (I will never use a lower quality wood), etc. Usually we say that you should have only 4 to 6 core values. Of course, personal values and business values may differ. For example, love may be a very important personal value but it may not be so relevant in your business of furniture though it can be relevant if you were having a home for the aged. 2. Core purpose is the purpose of the organization, for example, to make furniture. This is something that you want to achieve within the framework of our core values. It gives the achievement orientation to the business and therefore the focus. When we get an opportunity to expand or sell off and if we are in a decision dilemma, this acts as another light house. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in (b) Differentiate between ‘process’ and ‘tasks’ (Parts of vision statement, Difference between process and tasks) Answer: Processes Process is a set of logical activities that lead to some final or interim output. For example, taking pieces of wood, making it smooth, cutting it, making grooves, connecting them, finishing them, and polishing them are processes to create a table. These have to be done in some logical sequence. This is what a process is. Let us now look at we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q2. Planning is called as the cornerstone of management. Define planning and describe the importance of planning. Explain the types of planning. (Definition of planning, Importance of planning, Types of planning) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Planning Planning can be defined as a basic management function which enables one to select the purpose of the business, and how the resources should be mustered to achieve that purpose to include using the available resources optimally to do that. Planning implies goal setting for the organization keeping in mind the constraints, opportunities, and threats as much as what the person or business which is planning wants to do. Thus, a plan is a blueprint for goal achievement, a blue print that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks, and other actions to achieve the purpose. A goal is a desired future state that the organization attempts to reach. Goals are important because an organization exists for a purpose, and goals define and state that purpose. Goals specify future ends; plans we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we hav e different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q3. What is meant by ‘span of control’? Differentiate between narrow span of control and wide span of control. What are the factors that influence the span of control? (Meaning of ‘span of control’ ,Difference between narrow span of control and wide span of control, Factors that influence the span of control) 2,3,5 Answer: Span of control The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can directly control. This number varies with the type of work: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereas routine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q4 Define Organizational behavior. What are the various approaches to Organizational behavior? (Definition of OB, Approaches to OB) 2, 8 Answer: Definition of OB: OB can be defined as a systematic study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and organizational factors on productivity to include effectiveness and efficiency, absentee, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction. ? By systematic study we mean looking at relationships and attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence. ? By productivity we mean a performance measure that includes both effectiveness (achievement of goals) and efficiency (ratio on output versus input required to achieve it). ? By absenteeism we mean failure to report to work especially without informing. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in a whole is to function effectively. Q5. Perception is the way we see and interpret things. Explain the importance of such ‘perception’. What are the factors affecting perception? (Importance of perception, Factors affecting perception) 4,6 Answer: Importance of perception Perception is perhaps the most important aspect of OB that we use in our daily life and in management. The importance of perception is: ? While creating vision for an organization, our perception of the future and the way things should be is a deciding factor. ? While making strategy, out perception of the opportunities and threats make us see the same situation differently. ? Perception gives the impetus to seek more information to make more rational decisions e.g., the perception of Rakhi on the situation of the bakery in trouble, made her travel and talk to the employees to gain more information. If she had perceived what the manager did was right or that it is too small a thing to intervene, she would not have made the effort to find out more information. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q6. Give the definition and importance of ‘motivation’. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. (Definition of motivation, Importance of motivation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Motivation Motivation is â€Å"the process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.† (Robbins, 2003) Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Directionis the orientation that benefits the organization. And persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his/her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Motivation is important to an individual because: ? Motivation helps to achieve personal goals. ? Motivation gives job satisfaction. ? Motivation helps in self-development of individual. ? An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Collins, James C. and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. First Paperback Edition. New York: Harper-Collins, 1997. 219-239.

Implementing IMC at lower levels of theoretical models

Implementing IMC at lower levels of theoretical models This report is about the use of Integrated Marketing Communications in the marketing industry, in particular focusing on the various definitions that exist for IMC. My report also investigates why organisations choose not to approach IMC or if they do why they appear to only implement it at the lower levels of the theoretical models and not take it further. I will do this by discussing IMC in a variety of ways and looking at organisations as examples, whilst considering many academics views on IMC and its future from the many journals I have read. Integrated Marketing Communications is the integration of all marketing communication tools and sources from within a company put in conjunction in order to create a campaign that maximizes the impact on consumers with minimal cost. The marketing communications mix is the starting point of IMC and the end aim to achieve is to maintain strong communication throughout the company and customers. The marketing mix consists of the following tools advertising, direct marketing, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. The goal is to combine all these tools along with the organisations message and other aspects of the marketing mix, in order to overtake any competitors. The definitional concern of IMC has been an ongoing problem amongst the academics. There are a range of various definitions some of which are contrasting, although even those with similar points vary hugely in terms of technique and simplicity. Schulz and Schulz (1998) introduced a new definition which in the opinions of others includes both the current and future features of IMC. This definition emphasises the strategic aspects and refers to IMC as a business process instead of simply the combining of marketing tools. Although this definition is successful Kliatchko believed that for it to be complete it must not limit the scope of IMC to the strategic management of multiple audiences or markets, multiple channels and financial results, as it is therefore leaving out crucial content which is obtained and delivered through the IMC process. Although it could be argued that this is implied in the term marketing communication, Kliatchko felt it was important to be stated also. This new definition also implements the term business process which was previously introduced by Schultz and Schultz (1998). Kliatchko (2005) agrees tremendously with this term and explains that it perfectly describes the core of integration. In addition it also supports the findings of Jones et al. (2004) and Fill (2002) that IMC has advanced from purely being a communication process to a management process. IMC is an audience-driven business process of strategically managing stakeholders, content, channels and results of brand communication programs Kliatchko (2008). One key difference between Kliatchko and the Schultz and Schultz (1998) definition is the use of the term business processes, Kliatchko highlights how it is audience driven on order to reinforce the view that IMC gives to significant publics. Fill concentrates on the relationship with audiences, IMC is a strategic approach to the planned management of an organisations communications. IMC requires that organisations coordinate their various strategies, resources and messages in order that it engages coherently and meaningfully with target audiences. The main purpose is to develop relationships with audiences that are of mutual value (Fill 2005). Whereas Kotler (2003) focuses on how the market is perceived by the public a way of looking at the whole marketing process from the view point from the viewpoint of the customer. There are then extremely opposing viewpoints such as that made by Cornelissen and Lock (2000) that IMC is just a short term management fashion. The concept of integrated marketing communications has become an essential part of the market in terms of communication strategies for companies however due to the definition constantly changing it prevents IMC being developed and understood to a full extent. The changes that have taken place over recent years have highlighted the capability of the current marketing practices. It is viewed that there is a need for change if any future challenges are going to be met. The momentum for this adaptation in the industry has almost certainly been strongest in the larger fast moving consumer orientated organisations. There is no doubt that integrated marketing communication is not easily achieved, and can therefore lead to failure, however when practiced correctly it can have extremely successful results. IMC is a significant and essential theme (Cornelissen and Lock 2001) for a variety of reasons, it is just crucial to consider both the advantages and the barriers. Integrated Marketing Communications involves a great deal of work, although when this effort is put in it brings achievement. It gives the company an edge over their competition which leads to an increase in profit, whilst in the long run it saves money and time due to the planning. IMC has been defined by Kotler (1996) as a technique to produce more consistent and successful communications throughout a whole company. The main benefit of IMC will be to achieve the desired goal of marketing communications by an individual organisation, however well known academics have developed their own lists of specific advantages to using IMC. Linton and Morleys (1995) ten potential benefits of integrated marketing communications are shown below. Creative Integrity Operational efficiency Consistent messages Cost Savings Unbiased marketing recommendations High- Calibre consistent service Better use of Media Easier working relations Greater Marketing Position Greater agency accountability Fig 1.1 (Linton and Morley) Linton and Morley demonstrate ten advantages of the use of IMC here, which gives a guideline to why IMC is to be encouraged and how it will benefit organisations, however some of the points are fairly vague and may be misinterpreted for example unbiased marketing recommendations. Fill (2006) on the other hand only lists eight, but both sets of lists include similar points which demonstrate how confident some academics are in the advantages of IMC. According to Kuczynski (1992), success of integration occurs with consistency in particular in the companys message. Tynan (1994) also believes this and goes on to explain that for IMC to be achieved not only is it through media being combined but he reiterates the importance of the consumer receiving one clear message. A comprehensible message has much more of an impact and will stand out in the mind of a customer over the hundreds of other adverts that surround an individual every day. Un-integrated communications will develop inconsistent messages which will make them less credible. Duncan and Everett (1993) also consider that consistency in the marketing communication elements will prevent any impending conflicts. IMC also incorporates all the various communications in order for the customer to progress through the steps of the buying process and cultivates the relationship with the customers. This relationship ensures a sense of brand loyalty and consumers will therefore feel safer with this particular brand and therefore remain with them. This ability of accomplishing a customer for life is a very strong advantage over competitors. Duncan and Everett (1993) believe that IMC leads to a decrease in media waste and therefore the company gains this competitive edge. This was also reinforced by Linton and Morleys (1995) ten potential benefits. Organisations have identified that it is becoming increasingly harder to maintain consumers loyalty, which is why integrated marketing communications is important in a technique to gain advantage over any competitors. Regardless of huge investments these complicated relationships between a business multiple marketing comms. are not completely understood. Re search shows that the positive effects of combining media for example print advertising and television looks promising and that a change is taking place. Another set of research illustrates that 20 years ago 75% of marketing budgets in America was inserted into mass advertising, whereas today 50% goes towards trade promotions, 25% into consumer promotions and only 25% into advertising, which is a huge decline of 50% (Kitchen, 2003). Money is another issue related to IMC. It saves money in the long run however many organisations do not appreciate the long term values of integrated marketing communications and therefore fail to see it as an investment. This appears to be slowly changing though due to the fact the importance of brand value is becoming more common knowledge. Tortorici suggests that one of the easiest ways to maximise its return on an investment is through the use of IMC. (Tortorici 1991) He would have suggested this for a number of reasons such as agency fees being reduced, as it becomes possible for one agency to handle all the communications, and also because it eliminates replication in various areas in the company such as logos, graphics and photography that the company intends to use. In the industrial product market, IMC frequently takes the form of personal selling with advertising. This combination was seen as beneficial due to the decrease in selling costs (Morrill 1970) and a report comple ted by the McGraw-Hill Corporation in 1987 came to the same conclusion plus the evidence that it also reduced the amount of sales calls to the industrial decision makers. One example of this is IBM, there customer contact costs decreased enormously. (Moretti 1994). Belch and Belch (2001) believe that the benefits of adopting IMC do not just stop at limiting the operating costs but an optimistic attitude and concern for the company are just as significant. Overall all of this would in actual fact reduce the workload and save money long term, however most budgets set in a company are set with only short term in consideration. Despite its many benefits, Integrated Marketing Communications has barriers to overcome just like the money issue just discussed. There are a number of other barriers that authors have identified. For example Ewing et al quoted It has been suggested that departments can develop territorialism because they do not want to change their functional standing. (Ewing et al.,1997.) Schultz also goes on to say that they may be reluctant for this change because of a lack of understanding of IMC (Schultz 1996). This could start to explain why companies do not use IMC when perhaps it would in fact be appropriate for them to. Whats more, problems with implementation and measurement have been exemplified by several authors (Eagle et al., 1998). Implementation of IMC is difficult to achieve but it also hard to distinguish where to start planning wise. It has been discussed whether promotional activities should begin by examining external factors of the customers first. Although this is clearly a barrier, it does not necessarily mean that it should discourage everyone, as practice makes perfect to reach a great outcome. Another issue that has arisen is the structure of companies which makes it difficult for integration. Organisations are generally subdivided in areas, and although joint assignments may help to break down these organisational barriers the hierarchical structures will still be an issue (Gonring 2000). Pickton and Hartley (1998) also agree with the idea that the implementation has proven exceedingly complicated due to these organisational barriers. Integrated communications has not caught on to many companies(Pettigrew 2001), for a number of reasons firstly the barriers of IMC contribute to this, however after the previous discussion there are ways to overcome the barriers and there are in fact more advantages to it so the question is why is it not being adopted. The debate of what marketing communications can accomplish has been a big question for many years (Ambler 2000). I will look at what various practitioners believe and also the main reasons why IMC has not taken off as much as it perhaps should have (Pettigrew 2001). Marketers dont generally seem to like change in regards to new investments and approach to their marketing communications due to a fear of change (Gonring 2000), which is therefore an issue in relation to adopting IMC. Although they may realise that as technology is growing the importance for companies to be organised and consistent is also increasing (Cornelissen 2003). A lack of understanding of Integrated Marketing Communications is also another factor to why IMC is highly recognised but is not necessarily chosen to be used. This shortage of knowledge must be addressed before managers are expected to use integrated marketing. This all stems from the fact that there are many different views on whether IMC is here to stay or whether it is just a fad. Cornelissen and Lock state that IMC is nothing new but only a management fad (Cornelissen and Lock 2000), this is severely disagreed with by most other practitioners who see IMC as the future for example IMC is a new brand concept for the emerging digitalised environment (Shultz and kitchen 2000). There are also so many different definitions which can make it confusing from the beginning, nevertheless with all of these reasons considered the main weakness of IMC still lies in the apparent inability of agencies to measure behavioural outcomes. This major issue of not being able to measure the effects of an integrated campaign is majorly delaying the implementation process and there is a lack of empirical studies into how it could be measured. Indicating how IMC could move into full implementation is a huge concern, measurement and evaluation corresponds to an extra cost to organisations. These organisations will have built up thorough behavioural databases of their consumers; however it would be unfair to access these unless an extremely strong relationship had been developed. Overall, it would seem that integrated marketing communications have developed greatly, but there are still many issues to overcome in order to for IMC to be completed successfully achieved in companies. It is important for this to occur as it has been defined by Chang et al.(1991) that consumers attend more to integrated marketing communication than a normal advertising campaign. One model used is the four pillars of IMC by Kliatchko; these four pillars are the elements on which IMC levels are based, they are content, channels, stakeholders and results. For full implementation of IMC, firms must use all four levels (Schultz and Schultz 1998). Although each pillar is separate there is a present of each of the four levels, just each have their own most prominent section. The end goal of Content is primarily to deliver a consistent message for utmost communication impact (Duncan Caywood 1996).The objective is therefore for the target audience (stakeholders) to receive a clear integrated message. If this desired goal is achieved then integration at the first level has been achieved. A good example of this is Haagen Dazs ice cream. They use experimental appeals to their audience which communicates a sense of fun and pleasure, which is consistent through all of other campaigns. Pillar two is all related to the channels of communication, not just in its general sense but also in the view of the customer, in order to obtain what customers prefer. This allows appropriate content to connect effectively with the audience. The ability to connect with a target audience in a way in which they prefer and deliver the message according to their terms would be successful IMC at this level. BT attempted to do this in their 1998 World Cup Football tournament. They took advantage of the football in order to make their advert more relevant and appealing to the public, this would have made it more interesting for the public who were interested in football but not for the rest of their target audience. The third pillar is applying information technology for the benefit of both the company and consumers. If the company uses IT to gain a better understanding of their customers and then they can manage databases of information. This better knowledge will allow them to obtain better relationships with consumers by combining the other pillars, more targeted messages by their preferred channels. This provides a more profitable future for the company (Schultz and Schultz 1998). Gillette Mach 3 achieved this as they produced an advert that utilised a functional appeal and communicate the brands specific attributes capable of solving consumers consumption-related problems. They therefore took into consideration what they target audience wanted to be delivered to them and how whilst making them a profit, this was successful IMC at this level. The final pillar is strategic integration and results. If a company gets to this stage of integration then they have a good understanding of the demands of integration and what is necessary. Schultz and Schultz (1998) categorise this pillar as the one that allows a company to analyse more precisely the relation between returns and investments made in the marketing communications campaign. This is why this is the fourth pillar, as it is prominently the measurement of results which as discussed earlier is extremely hard to achieve, hence why my organisations only implement IMC at the lower levels of models such as this. Another IMC model is demonstrated below and was designed by Pickton and Broderick (2000). This is a much simpler model; however it does look at how integration starts off tactical and ends up strategic. Bupas recent marketing strategy was to reposition the company and integrate its offering. The core brand proposal Bupa the personal health service was announced through a number of Medias such as TV, press, radio sponsorship and PR. The website was a huge success and played a key role in its integrated communications by offering online quotes and support. This promotion created awareness of the brand and increased their sales. The Group Marketing Director quoted we have succeeded in positioning Bupa as the only dedicated independent health care specialist in the UK. ( Marketing Business 2002) Schultz also developed seven levels of integration model. The seven levels of integration are Awareness of need for IMC the starting point of the model, realisation. Image- consistency between media. Functional Forming marketing communication programmes in order to achieve certain aims. Co-ordinated Personal selling is integrated with other elements in order to continue consistency. Personal selling is directly integrated with other elements of marketing communications to ensure consistency between impersonal and interpersonal forms of communication. Consumer-based Understanding the consumers needs and wants, this is like the second pillar of Kliatchkos model. Stakeholder- recognition of stakeholders after the final customers. Relationship management. A good example of complete IMC that could have applied the seven levels of integration is Coco Cola. It is one of the worlds most famous brand names and was given the title of leading brand recognition in 2003 by the Business week. Coca Cola represents major emotional advantages over all its competitors, whilst given the customers what they want. They are a loyal brand who creates consistent messages across their adverts and their message is always clear. They also produce spectacular adverts and have a strong brand image and logo, therefore they are incorporating lot of the seven levels of integration and it is obvious that they are doing successfully. It is clear that IMC plays a vital role in the industry and everyday more is being learnt and understood. A clearer picture of Integrated Marketing is emerging and therefore future companies will begin to adopt it and take it to further levels of the theoretical models rather than just using it at the lower levels. It was established that due to a lack of understanding, and the rest of the barriers, this is the reason why companies only implement at the lower levels. The difficulty of IMC makes organisations reluctant however in the future if it is the path they must take to develop their company then IMC will evolve. Ambler, T. (2000), Persuasion, pride and prejudice: how ads work, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 299-315. Belch, G.E. and Belch, M.A. (2001), Advertising and Promotion, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY, pp. 10, 78-79. Chang, D.-R., Hahn, M. and Ik-Tae K., (1991) Consumer Response to Coupons with Advertising in a Pretesting Context, Working Paper, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Cornelissen, J.P. and Lock, A.R. (2000), Theoretical concept or management fashion? Examining the significance of IMC, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 40 No. 5, pp. 7-15. Cornelissen, J.P. and Lock, A.R. (2001), The appeal of integration: managing communications in modern organisations, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 19 No. 6, pp. 425-31. Cornelissen, J.P. (2003), Change, continuity and progress: the concept of integrated marketing communications and marketing communications practice, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 217-34. Duncan, T. and Everett, S.E. (1993), Client perceptions of integrated marketing communications, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 33 No. 3, p. 30. Duncan, T. and Caywood, C. (1996), The Concept, Process, and Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communication, Laurence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Duncan, T.R. Caywood, C.L. (1996) The concept, process, and evolution of integrated marketing communications, in Thorson, E. Moore, J. (eds) Integrated Communication: Synergy of Persuasive Voices. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 13-34. Eagle, L., Hyde, K., Fourie, W., Padisetti, M. and Kitchen, P. (1998) Revisiting the Concept of Integrated Marketing Communications: Contrasting Perceptions Between Marketers and Advertising Agency Executives, paper prepared for 3rd International Conference on Marketing and Corporate Communication, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Ewing, M. T., de Bussey, N. and Ramaseshan, B. (1997) The Power and Politics of Integrated Marketing Communications, Curtin Business School Working Paper, November, 1-18. Ewing, M.T., Du Pleiss, E. Foster, C. (2001) Cinema advertising re-considered. Journal of Advertising Research, 41(1), pp. 78-85. Fill, C. (2002) Marketing Communications: Contexts, Strategies and Applications (3rd edn). London: Prentice Hall. Fill, C. (2002), Marketing Communications, Contexts, Strategies and Applications, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall Europe, Hemel Hempstead, p. 32. Fill (2006) Lecture Slides, MKT2011. Gonring, M.P. (2000), Global megatrends push IMC concepts to forefront of strategic business thinking, Journal of Integrated Communications, Vol. 2000-2001, pp. 15-18. Holm, O. (2006), Integrated marketing communication: from tactics to strategy, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 23-33. Jerry Kliatchko. (2008). Revisiting the IMC construct: a revised definition and four pillars. International Journal of Advertising. 27 (1), 1-13 Jones, G.S., Li, T., Kitchen, P.J. Brignell, J. (2004) The emergence of IMC: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Advertising Research, 44 (1), pp. 19-30. Kitchen, P.J. Schultz, D.E. (1999) A multi-country comparison of the drive for IMC. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(1), pp. 21-38 Kitchen, P.J. Schultz, D.E. (2001) Raising the Corporate Umbrella: Corporate Communication in the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Kliatchko, J.G. (2005) Towards a new definition of integrated marketing communications (IMC). International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), pp. 7-34. Kotler, P. (1996) Principles of Marketing, 7th edn, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management, 10th ed., Prentice-Hall International, London, p. 7, 19. Kuczynski, A. (1992) Beyond Advertising, Towards Integration, Marketing, 13, 50-53. Linton, I. And Morley, K. (1995), Integrated marketing Communications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Marketing Business (2002), Strong Vital Signs, September 14. Moretti, P. (1994) Telemarketers Serve Clients, Business Marketing, April, 27-29. Morrill, J. E. (1970) Industrial Advertising Pays Off,Harvard Business Review, March/April, 4. Pettigrew, L.S. (2001a), If IMC is so good: why isnt it being implemented?, Journal of Integrated Communications, No. 35. Pettigrew, L.S. (2001b), If IMC is so good: why isnt it being implemented?, Journal of Integrated Communications, No. 36. Pickton, D. Hartley, B. (1998) Measuring integration: an assessment of the quality of integrated marketing communication. International Journal of Advertising, 17(4), pp. 447-465. Schultz, D.E. Schultz, H.F. (1998) Transitioning marketing communication into the twenty-first century. Journal of Marketing Communications, 4(1), pp. 9-26. Schultz, D.E. Schultz, H.F. (2005) Measuring brand value, in Tybout, A. Calkins, T. (eds) Kellog on Branding. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Tortorici, A. J. (1991) Maximising Marketing Communications through Horizontal and Vertical Orchestration, Public Relations Quarterly, 36, 20-22. Tynan, K. (1994) Multi-channel Marketing: MaximisingMarket Share with an Integrated Marketing Strategy,Probus, Danvers, MA.