Spinozas Argument for Substance Monism - 1089 Words

Topic: Spinoza’s argument for substance monism Baruch Spinoza’s The Ethics addresses the nature of God and his role in the universe, yet his dedication to supported rationality leads him to the unconventional conclusion that God and the very substance of the universe are one and the same. Spinoza bases his argument in deductive reasoning, which requires the establishment of premises; in The Ethics, these premises come in the form of definitions and axioms. God in this context is simply â€Å"an absolutely infinite being;† it is important to note that Spinoza does not unfoundedly argue that God has sentience or other properties associated with humans (158). However, God indisputably has substance, which Spinoza initially defines as something that has independent, necessary conception. A substance has essence, which forms the fundamentals of its existence; essences are interpreted by the intellect in the form of attributes. Modes are the ways through which an objec t presents itself through being; they are the â€Å"affections of a substance† (158). These definitions allow Spinoza to say that his conclusions necessarily follow from ideas which are true, making his argument supported entirely by logic. Spinoza begins his argument with a section devoted to a core group of axioms; it is necessary that the reader accept these as universally true principles in order for that truth to extend into the rest of his argument. Axioms 1 and 2 state that something in existence can potentially be inShow MoreRelatedLogic1557 Words   |  7 PagesSpinoza’s Argument for Substance Monism and Common Objections Spinoza’s Ethics is widely thought of as Spinoza’s greatest work. One noteworthy claim that he makes in his Ethics is his argument for substance monism, or the existence of only one substance. In Proposition 14, Part I of his Ethics, Spinoza states that â€Å"There can be, or be conceived, no other substance but God.† This statement amounts to saying that everything else in this world, whether it is extended or not, is a mere image of GodRead MoreJohn Spinoza s Theory On Monism1922 Words   |  8 Pageshis theory on monism. Monism is the notion that everything consists of only one thing. For Spinoza, this one thing is a substance he calls God. His monism is the argument that God is the substance which makes up everything. This has been interpreted to work in a variety of ways. In this essay, I am going to argue that Spinoza’s monism does work through one interpretation of the numerical distinction of substances and attributes. First, I will lay out Spino za’s actual argument for monism with its premisesRead MoreWhat Advantages Does Spinoza’s Substance Monism Have over Descartes’ Dualism?3467 Words   |  14 PagesSpinoza’s philosophy as espoused in the Ethics was a response to Descartes’ dualism. Through works such as the Ethics, Spinoza seeks to address the main flaws in Descartes’ philosophy. These flaws included but were by no means limited to, proof for the existence of God and the interaction between mind and body. This essay will highlight the advantages of Spinoza’s monism over Descartes’ dualism by looking at Spinoza’s response to these issues. First, in order to consider the advantages ofRead MoreOutside The Realm Of Philosophical, And Religious, Study1165 Words   |  5 Pagesand religious, study the words substance, and matter, are commonplace definer of a physical material out of which an object of permanence is made of. To the philosophers of the early modern period not only are these terms dissimilar, but also represented radically different ontological theories. The topic of substance is a pillar of philosophy an ontological analysis. The term substance â€Å"corresponds to the Greek ousia, which means ‘being’† (Howard, 2013). Substance, in the philosophical sense, becameRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Cavendish s Baruch Spinoza A Very Unique Monistic System1285 Words   |  6 Pagesout a system consisting of one infinite substance with infinite attributes. The two attributes which we can know are thought and extension. I will argue that the attribute of thought and the attribute of extension co rrelate well with Cavendish’s animate and inanimate matter. I will argue that Spinoza’s system is more coherent than Cavendish’s and solves some of her system’s issues. If it is that case that we desire a system similar to Cavendish’s then Spinoza’s system is a step in the right directionRead MoreDescartes’, Spinoza’s, and Leibniz’s Response to the Mind-Body Problem2993 Words   |  12 Pagestotal separation between mind and body, championed by Descartes, which has come to be known as â€Å"Cartesian Dualism†. This, of course, gave rise to one of the many major responses to the mind-body problem which is the exact opposite of dualism; monism. Monism is the idea that mind and body one and the same thing and therefore have no need for interaction. Another major response to the problem is that given by Leibniz, more commonly known as pre-ordained harmony or monadology. Pre-ordained harmony simplyRead MoreUnpacking S pinoza s Ontological Argument1054 Words   |  5 Pages Unpacking Spinoza’s Ontological Argument in Regards to Monism Baruch Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher who was active in the mid to late 17th century. In Spinoza’s ontological argument he attempts to prove the existence of God as the root of all things that everything is created from as well as proving that God is the only true substance. According to Spinoza, â€Å"It pertains to the nature of a substance to exist† (Spinoza). This means that Spinoza believes existence is a necessary property of anyRead MoreDualism In Descartes : The Mind And Body Dualism1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe body to conduct physical activity. The pineal gland is also responsible for the body being capable of causing certain sensations in the mind. That type of interaction was, what he believed to be, essential for all existing, living beings. The argument that Descartes made consisted of two statements which he perceived to be true. He asserted that the essence of one’s mind was completely different than that of one’s body. It was from this claim that Descartes conceded that the mind was a thinkingRead MoreIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 PagesIn philosophy, there are going to be some agreements and disagreements among philosopher’s, but the most compelling of them all is Descartes’ and Spinoza’s take in regards to mind and body, and God and free will, God existence. I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Spinoza’s perspectives on the relationship between mind and body, and God and free will. Maria, there is no fast way to explain all of this as this takes time, so please brace yourself as I hope to provide you with a better understandingRead MoreSpinoza’s Criticism of Descartes’ Substance Dualism2166 Words    |  9 Pagesâ€Å"God is the only substance that can exist or be conceived.† Spinoza’s criticism of Descartes’ substance dualism By: Jawad Samimi 01/04/2012 Substance dualism is often called ‘Cartesian dualism ‎and is the assumption that mind and body are really distinct substances. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) was the first early modern philosopher to hold that a thinking-thing is entirely different form an extended thing and mind can exist without the body. Cartesian dualism, which started the famous mind-body

The Media And Its Impact On The Economy And Society Operates

Journalism is a form of writing that informs public about things that already happened in our life. It is a practice of examining and reporting issues, events and trends to the media such as print and broadcast media. It is not only presenting the news of the day of a city or a country, but telling meaningful stories about what is new or is happening around us, understanding it and explaining it to others (Michael et al., 2012). The people who write journalism, gather news and information for mass distribution are called â€Å"journalists.† They usually work at newspaper, magazines, TV or radio station or online. With these different media, there are also different tasks for every journalist such as reporters, sub-editors, photojournalists, the†¦show more content†¦This proves that the journalism industry has provided comprehensive and informative news to the audience. Beside that, the Internet has provided new opportunity for news outlets to earn money from advertise rs, hacker, media companies, and profit-seekers alike and so on. Nevertheless, there are many debates and discussions of the Internet usage in journalism. As quoted by Salter and Jones, â€Å"the Internet has all too often been regarded as an economic opportunity more than an opportunity to change and improve journalistic practice.† This example I have chosen for this essay will attempt to critically analyze this quote; whether the Internet is mostly developed for economic opportunity or for the advancement of journalistic practice. First and foremost, The New Straits Times Press (NTSP) has been chosen as my main media outlet example in this assignment. NTSP is one of the oldest and largest Malaysia’s newspapers founded in 1845 (Multimedia Inc, n.d). It’s an official English newspaper, which is often described as â€Å"The Newspaper of the Nation† in Malaysia (Multimedia Inc, n.d). Furthermore, the principle activities of this company comprise of the publication and sale of newspapers and magazines, editorial services, online services, outdoor and media advertising, property management services and investment holdings. Beside that, NTSP is owned by Media Prima Corporation. Media Prima Corporation is also known as Media

Effective Organizational and Business Communication

Question: Discuss about the Effective Organizational and Business Communication. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this essay is to understand the various diagnostic tools associated with the effective communication in business operations of an organization. The various issues associated with the diagnostic tools are also discussed in this essay. The diagnostics tools like Johari Window Model, Assertiveness Questionnaire or Communications Style Questionnaire is also discussed in this essay. The various key findings observed with the issues are also explained in this essay. The key areas that required improvement in various communication tool is also discussed in this essay that help to make all business operations to perform in much better and efficient manner. The literature review is also done for the essay that describes all the important theoretical or behavioural aspects associated with the issues of diagnostics tools of communication. The various concepts or key models associated with issues of communication are also discussed in the literature review. The various theories th at are used for the effective communication is also described in the literature review. Further, at the end of the essay, an action plan is also formulated by considering all the events or activities associated with the issues related to diagnostic tools for the next six months. This action plan explains all the period in which all issues can be solved and measured in effective manner. Diagnosis and Reflection: Communication: Communication is the integral and important component in the life of an individual that is necessary to convey the message, feelings, and ideas on other. The communication skills of the people can be assessed using 5 diagnostic tools such as Johari Window Model, Assertiveness Questionnaire, Communications Style Questionnaire, and others. Johari Window: Johari Window was developed by the Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. Johari Window model helps in addressing ones communication skills, and developing mutual understanding among individual within the group or organization (Lim and Jamil, 2013). This model is given below: Open: The open pan of the Johri window states that here the persona him or herself and other well know about his or her attitudes, personality, behavior, feelings, skills, perception, and emotions. The person is very open to other (Bradbury?Jones, 2015). There is no hidden aspects and information about the person from others. Blind: In this case, the person oneself is not aware of his or her habits, behavior, skills, and others while other knows about him or her very well. A person is interpreted very differently by the other people, from whatever the person his or her self expect. Hidden: It states the information that is known to the person him or herself about him or her but hidden from others (Slusky and Goodrich, 2016). The information hidden may be very personal to the person such as experience, fears, and secrets. Unknown: This states that some information are unknown to the person him or herself as well as others for example; talents, skills, and abilities of the person (Lim and Jamil, 2013). Communication Style Questionnaire The communication style questionnaire is drafted to evaluate and identify the communication style a person uses. The communication styles are given below: Active communicators are those persons who are straightforward, active participants, expressive with body language and words in communication process. At the same time, connectors are those persons who consider others in discussion and their views (Hasson, 2015). Purposeful communicators are very logical in their communication and are practical at workplace. Similarly, thinker communicators are those who support their words with the facts sought out by them rather than emotions and feelings. The thinkers are very happy to talk about the abstract concepts and ideas (Tzoannopoulou, 2015). They are communicators that are more effective in small group rather large. Assertiveness questionnaire: In aggressive communication style an individual shares his or her feeling and provide solid advocacy to his or her view and opinion in the way contradicting and violating the rights and opinions of others (Lotus Group, 2012). This communication style lacks of self esteem, emotions, and is abusive both physically and verbally. At the same time, people following assertive communication style share the information about them with the others and support their views and opinions affirm but does not try to refute the ideas, and views of others. People in this communication style give much importance of their self esteem, their time, their emotional and physical needs, and are very respectful of rights of other along with their own view (Flannery, 2016). Similarly, in case of passive communication style, people do not clear express their feelings, protect their rights and meet their needs and desires. It includes higher needs of self esteem in communicators. They do not respond to the hurtf ul situation and tolerate the grievance but to certain limit after a threshold of tolerance they outburst (CN, 2017). Furthermore, in passive aggressive communication, people are very different with their appearance from whatever they actually are. People in this style appear as passive but act out as aggressive communicators in indirect way. Model of active communication The above model is representing different communication such as regressive communication, stationary communication, flowing communication, active communication, and proactive communication. This model mainly focuses on the active and proactive communication (Solvi, 2012). The active communicator is one who is the initiator in the communication process while the reactive communicator is one who reaches and response to the communicated message from others. The proactive communicators most usually uses non verbal communication pattern to answer. Intrapersonal skills self assessment Questionnaire: Interpersonal self assessment questionnaire helps in understanding and getting aware of the interpersonal skills. The questionnaire is in the form analyzes the person in term of listing skills, verbal communication, emotional intelligence, working in groups and reams (SYN, 2016). This questionnaire helps in indentifying the basic interpersonal skills of an individual. Based on comparing the above models with my skills, I found two key communication issues in me. One is that I am not good in non verbal communication as my body language is not compatible to my words. It realized it in an professional even where I gave an presentation. My body motion was not good and perfectly matching with the words to support my verbal communication. It made my impression and presentation bed before my superior and even my colleagues or group members. Another issue is improper listening. If one does not listen properly and attentively, it may cause issues in ones work. I also have this issues because of that I had to suffer. Actually, My boss was assigned a work and instructed but I did not pay attention to the instruction given by my boss and started my work. After half completion of the work, my boss was reviewing the work where he found that I am doing the assignment in wrong way and I was rebuked. Where, I identified that effective listening skills is necessary in effective communication and interpersonal relation. Based on these evident and references, it can be said that in every filed it is necessary for an individual to have effective communication skills such as effective verbal and non verbal communication and other skills for accomplishing their responsibilities and roles timely. These evident provide the basic that how communication gap can create the loss to the company and to individual. Therefore, everyone needs to develop their personal communication for establishing effective communication. Literature Review: The literature review related to business communications basically focuses on various central and shared issues related to control or coordination by the means of effective communication in any organization or business. The research on business communication is considered from its initial stages and how it works significantly or effectively in communication process in any organization is also analysed in the literature review. According to Chester Barnard, the effective communication is considered as the heart in various process of the management and he also recognized importance of the effective communication in various business operations of the organization (Cardon, 2015). The movement of human relationships in 1940 also helps in analysing the fact that the communication process in any organization should occur in two way manner to make it more effective and significant. This also helps in estimating the role of communication in effective decision making process in an organization and also visualises attitude or satisfaction of employees on the basis of upward as well as downward flow of communication in an organization or business. The listening gap and lack of effective body language in the employees are the most vital issues that can affect the effective business communication process of an organization. These are the issues which are diagnosed in the first part of the essay that is in the reflection and diagnosis section. The research for various impacts on performance of the employees due to the feedbacks as well as research on climate was started way back in 1950. The various methodologies like ECCO (Episodic Communication Channels and Organizations) were developed to completely focus on various issues related to the upward communication flow in the organization (Grunig, 2013). Odiorne was the first to use term called Communication Audit that basically assess the various perceptions of employees communication related to management and its accuracy in the entire auditing process. The methodologies related to communication audit provide a significant approach to analyse or study the various systems of effective communication in a business organization. The effective communication is considered as the most important or dominant aspects of any organization in the present scenario to do the business. The impactful relationship between the employees and the management may be possible due to effective communication and will be beneficial for effective business operations or activities of the organizations (Rajhans, 2012). The capabilities or efficiency of organization can be developed or enhanced with help of various process of effective communication. The effective communication helps in better coordination between the employees and the management to achieve various organizational objectives. This also plays significant role in various process of problem solving, decision making or change management. The employees are able to get all the information related to their job profile, organization or environment with help of internal communication. The effective communication will help the employees to be motivated, build trust or share their emotions with other employees in the organization and also helps them to remember their accomplishments in the organization. Communication is the tool that helps the employees or management to understand each other and their roles in the organization. The various needs of employees in the communication process are also described by DAprix in hierarchical manner that explains all the above points that are mentioned (Krum, 2013). According to Lukazewski, human dimension is the vital factor that weakens the practices of management in any organization. The lack of interactions between the employees or top management can be caused due to ineffective communication and that gap in communication can cause significant impact on various business operations or activities of the organization. The problems related to communication can be solved with implementation of various motivational practices to make business operations effective in an organization. Motivating is basically done by the top management like mangers to encourage or inspire the employees to perform in better manner. The mangers should interact with the employees on regular basis and should understand all the complexities faced by the employees during working hours and accordingly motivate them to perform better (Hamilton, 2013). The motivational practices should be implemented in such a manner that can provide maximum benefits to the organization and employees as well by improving business operations. This approach can be accomplished in effective manner only if the employees are able to make their professional and personal goals merged together to avail maximum benefits. The various methods of traditional management like Theory X can be used to motivate the employees in the organization. But, theory Y can be more right approach to motivate employees for longer period of time as based on organizational objectives or employees integration and also requires more efforts from the management. There should be enough mutual understanding or communication between the management and the employees that will certainly help the employees to analyse their role in various business operations of the organization and will motivates them to perform better to achieve all their targets (Cornelissen, 2014). The productivity of business will certainly be affected if there is lack in motivation for the employees. Increase in cases of grievances, declined productivity, wastage of resources or absenteeism among employees increased are the factors that indicates lower morale of the employees due to lack of effective communication. Employees who are motivated will be more loy al to the organization and will perform all his actions to achieve organizational goals or objectives. This will also improves their performance and quality in various business operations of organizations. Further, role of internal communication is more vital in implementing various motivational practices in an organization. The employees who are able to understand their roles in the organization perform better and also achieve the target given to them. At the same time, managers who are not effective in communication feel more frustrated and also surrounded by employees that are unhappy and not productive for the business operations of the organization. The effective communication is the most significant tool that creates a strong bond between the employees and the management to perform various business operations in the most efficient manner (Rajhans, 2012). The productivity factor of an organization is mostly enhanced or affected by the effective business communication. The effective communication will be more beneficial for the managers as they will be able to coordinate with their subordinates in efficient manner and will assign the required task according to skills of employees t hat can be beneficial for both organization and employees to improve their performance. Action Plan: From the above it is found that an individual is different from other in terms of communication style, as communication skills is also a part of the personality that make one different from others. The communication skills must be developed effectively in an individual to make his or her task or work effective. As above I identified two basic communication issues with me such as listening gap and body motions incompatible to my verbal communication. The communication skills may be developed by going under the communication skills and development courses, and communication training. Toast Master is emerged as effective course and group make us to learn how to do effective communication. For developing the personal communication, the plan is given below: Issues Corrective action Listening gap Attend conferences and seminars thrice in one fortnight for next 6 months Participation in group discussion activities twice in a month Attend one interview once in one fortnight in a month Not good body language Presentation once in a weak for the next 6 months more formal and professional presentation and involving thrice in a month for the 6 months Join communication skills development workshops one in a week for next 6 months Watching Video presentation The first issue in the action plan will be the listening gap. These gaps in communication can be fulfilled with various measures. These can be corrected by making conferences or seminars to be conducted thrice in coming six years. The group discussion for the various employees should also be conducted twice in a month to measure the issue of listening gap in the organization in more effective and efficient manner. Further, the personal interviews of the employees should be conducted by the top management once in each month of coming six months. These will certainly motivates the employees and makes them to perform better for the organization by accomplishing all their objectives and goals. Further, the next issue that occurs in the business operations is lack of appropriate body language of the employees in an organization. This issue can be measured or corrected by various appropriate actions. The presentation should be conducted for each of the employees in every week for coming six months. The presentation can be in formal manner to solve various communication issues related to business and will certainly enhance performance of the employees. The workshops can also be organized for the employees once in a week to enhance their communication skills that will certainly beneficial and productive for business operations of an organization. The video presentation can also be organized for the employees to improve their body language and their communication skills that will certainly help both the employees and organization for longer terms. References: Bradbury?Jones, C., Taylor, J., Kroll, T., Duncan, F. (2014). Domestic abuse awareness and recognition among primary healthcare professionals and abused women: a qualitative investigation.Journal of clinical nursing,23(21-22), 3057-3068. Cardon, P. (2015). Business communication: Developing leaders for a networked world.USA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. CN, (2017). The five communication style. Retrieved from https://www.clairenewton.co.za/my-articles/the-five-communication-styles.html. Colleoni, E. (2013). CSR communication strategies for organizational legitimacy in social media. Corporate Communications: an international journal, 18(2), pp.228-248. Cornelissen, J. (2014). Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice.USA: Sage. Evans, J., Van Epps, A., Smith, M., Matei, S. and Garcia, E. (2015). A Transdisciplinary Approach for Developing Effective Communication Skills in a First Year STEM Seminar. In 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings (p. 23468). Fearn-Banks, K. (2016). Crisis communications: A casebook approach.UK: Routledge. Flannery, B. (2016). Communication Style: assertive communication example. Retrieved from https://pairedlife.com/etiquette/Assertiveness-on-a-Psych-Unit. Grunig, J. (2013). Excellence in public relations and communication management.UK: Routledge. Hamilton, C. (2013). Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions.USA: Cengage Learning. Hasson, G. (2015).Brilliant Communication Skills. Pearson UK. Krum, R. (2013). Cool infographics: Effective communication with data visualization and design.USA: John Wiley Sons. Lim, K., Jamil, H. (2013). Certification paradigm of johari window human capital.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,4(3), 303. Lotus Group, (2012). Passive, Assertive, Aggressive: How to Tell the Difference. Retrieved from https://www.lotusgroup.biz/blog/passive-assertive-aggressive-how-to-tell-the-difference/. Manning, C., Waldman, M., Lindsey, W., Newberg, A. and Cotter-Lockard, D. (2013). Personal Inner ValuesA Key to Effective Face-to-Face Business Communication. Journal of Executive Education, 11(1), p.3. Rajhans, K. (2012). Effective Organizational Communication: a Key to Employee Motivation and Performance. Interscience Management Review (IMR) ISSN: 2231-1513 Volume-2, Issue-2. Slusky, L., Goodrich, J. A. (2016). Human Factors of Cybersecurity Awareness. InEdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology(Vol. 2016, No. 1, pp. 436-444). Solvi, s. (2012). Model of active communication. Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/271750/606958_FULLTEXT01.pdf?sequence=1. SYN, (2016). Interpersonal skills self assessment. Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ls/index.php/343479/. Tzoannopoulou, M. (2015). Rethinking ESP: Integrating Content and Language in the University Classroom.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,173, 149-153.

Business Law Contract Measure Time

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Contract Measure Time. Answer: Introduction: Indicators related to enforcing contract measure time and cost which is incurred in resolving a commercial dispute through the local first instance court, and it also checks quality of judicial process index. It evaluates whether or not each economy adopts the good practices which help in promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of court system (The World Bank, n.d.). This research paper is divided into two parts and in first part we discuss in brief the five indicators of enforcing contract, and benefit of these indicators for doing business. This part also contains the reflection of any two indicators on small and medium size business. The second part of the report states the process followed in this research, problem encountered while conducting this research. Indicators for enforcing contract: From many years, theDoing Businessindicators on enforcing contracts are measuring the time and cost which is incurred in resolving a commercial dispute through the local first instance court, but now doing business make an change in the methodology of these indicators and replace the indicator procedural complexity with a new indicator that is quality of judicial processes index. This indicator is introduced to check whether each economy adopts the good practices which help in promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of court system in the following four areas that is (The World Bank, n.d.): Court structure and proceedings index: this indicator has five components that are: Special commercial court, section or division is available or not. Is there any simplified procedure to resolve small claims are available or not. Pretrial attachment is available. Which criteria are used to for the assignment of cases to judges Evidentiary weight of testimony in case of women. Case management index: Time standards set up by regulations for key court events. Performance measurement mechanism is available or not. Pretrial conference. Is there any electronic case management system is available for judges. Is there any electronic case management system is available for lawyers. Regulations which relate to adjournments and continuance of case. 3. Court Automation: Is there any facility to file initial compliant in electronic mode? Is there any facility to service initial compliant in electronic mode? Payment of court fees through electronic mode. Whether judgments of court are published or not. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Arbitration Voluntary meditation or conciliation. Benefits of indicators for doing business: Efficient system for enforcing contract is necessary for sustainable growth and economic development of any country. Economic and social progress of any country is not possible without respecting the law of that country and efficient protection of the rights. It is necessary for well functioning judiciary that cases are resolved on time and accessible to general public. Economies which have efficient judiciary system and in which courts effectively fulfill their contractual obligations have more developed credit markets in compare to other economies and also have higher level of development. Small firms grow more rapidly in the economy with strong judiciary, and efficient judicial system will result in improvement of business climate, faster innovation, secure tax revenues, and it also attracts foreign direct investment. A research was conducted in the provinces of Argentina and Brazil regarding efficiency of court, and it was found that firms located in provinces which have efficient court system have greater access to credit. One more research was conducted in Mexico which found that better court system result in larger and efficient firms. An effective court system not only reduces the risk faced by firms but also increase the willingness of firms to invest, and firms in Brazil, Peru and Philippines state that they invest more if they had more confidence in their court system (The World Bank, n.d.; Kroeze, n.d.). Impact of two indicators on small and medium size business: Court structure and proceedings: this index has five components which are described below: Is there any section or special court or division is available which only hear cases related to commercial disputes. Score- 1.5 is given if answer is yes or 0 if answer is no. Is there any simplified procedure or any fast track court which deals with small claims, and such claim include all civil cases. A score of 1 is assigned to the country if such court or procedure is established by the country, and additional score of 0.5 is also assigned if parties present themselves before such court or procedure. Is there any facility is available for pretrial attachment of defendant movable assets in case plaintiff has feared that attachments may be moved or dissipated. A score of 1 is assigned if any such facility is available. Assignment of cases to judges through competent court in random and automatic manner. A score of 1 is given if cases are assigned to judges in automated or randomly, and 0.5 if cases are assigned randomly but not automatically. Womens testimony carries same evidentiary weight as man, and if yes score of 1 is assigned and if no 0 is assigned. Adding up all the above mentioned scores gives index for Court Structure and Proceedings (The World Bank, n.d.). The score of Australia regarding this index is 4.5 from 5. It is necessary for small firms that disputes are resolved fairly and in speedy trials, because if these disputes take months or years to resolve then it is not possible for small firms to stay in the business or conduct the disputes because of their financial weakness. Because of long and expensive trials small and medium firms try to avoid trials and other litigation matters. There are many benefits of efficient court system, as efficient system removes the informality, increase the trade and improve credit access for these small and medium firms (Doing Business, 2014; OECD, n.d.). Alternative Dispute Resolution: this index has six components which are described below: Whether commercial disputes are submitted to arbitration except disputes related to public policy, bankruptcy, consumer rights, employment issues or intellectual property. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether commercial arbitration which is domestic in nature is governed by consolidated law, chapter or section. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether local courts assigned arbitration clause in more than 50% of cases. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether meditation or conciliation is recognized for solving the commercial disputes. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether meditation or conciliation is governed by consolidated law, chapter or section. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Whether there is any financial benefit for parties who opt for meditation or conciliation such as if party won the case then court filing fees is refund. If yes then 0.5 is assigned. Adding up all the above mentioned scores gives index for Alternative Dispute Mechanism. The score of Australia regarding this index is 2.5 out of 3 (The World Bank, n.d.). There are number of benefits for small and medium size business from ADR that is: Alternate Dispute Resolution process helps small businesses to find appropriate way for resolving the dispute that is either by mediation or arbitration. This process not only saves time but also reduce the cost of proceedings by removing court fees and other related costs. This process gives flexibility to business man because they can fix the time and place of meetings, instead of relying on appointment of court. There is one more benefit of this process, in this parties can agreed on mutual grounds which are beneficial for both the parties. Litigation process does not maintain confidentiality and they are open to public whereas this process maintains the confidentiality of the dispute and parties (Moore Clark Duvell Rodgers, 2016; Tessier, 2005). Process followed in conducting this research: This research is conducted by focus on objective part of the topic, by finding the multitude information from different authentic sources, and by analyzing that information to reach the conclusion. This is an evaluation research and includes study and evaluation of data through a systematic process. In this paper, the research and information is stated in such away so that other person can easily understand the topic which was stated in this paper. In this first we describe the indicators of enforcing contract in brief, and then evaluate and discuss the details of this topic. Following challenges are faced while conducting this research that is: There are not sufficient resources for conducting the research. It is difficult to find authentic sources from which we get accurate data. There is difficulty on relying on some resources. Many business units does not provide accurate information because they had fear that information provided by them may be misused or they dont want to disclose the confidentiality of dispute. Conclusion: In this paper, first we state the brief introduction of indicators of enforcing contract, and benefits of these indicators for small businesses and medium businesses. Later we discuss the impact of Court structure and proceedings index and alternate dispute resolution index on small and medium business. We also discuss that this research is conducted in systematic process and state the challenges faced while conducting this research. At last, we conclude the report with brief conclusion that is it is necessary for economies that they conduct good practices related to efficient court system. References: The World Bank. Enforcing Contracts. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts. The World Bank. Why it Matters. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts/why-matters. The World Bank. What is Measured. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts/what-measured. The World Bank. Enforcing Contracts Methodology. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/Methodology/Enforcing-Contracts. The World Bank. Australia. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/australia#enforcing-contracts. Moore Clark Duvell Rodgers, (2016). 5 ways small businesses benefit from alternative dispute resolution. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.mcdr-law.com/Articles/5-ways-small-businesses-benefit-from-alternative-dispute-resolution.shtml. Tessier, R. (2005). Making Effective Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution For Small Businesses. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.mediate.com/articles/tessierr1.cfm. Doing Business, (2014). Improving court efficiency: the Republic of Koreas e-court experience. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/case-studies/2013/improving-court-efficiency. Kroeze, J. M. The companies as business court as specialized court. Retrieved on 7th December 2016 from: https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/37188740.pdf.

A Peace Of Mind That Shows To Well Essays - Phillips Exeter Academy

A Peace of Mind That Shows to Well In "A Separate Peace" by John Knowles, Gene's jealousy towards Finny leads to Gene feeling negative emotions. Gene's jealousy towards Finny leads Gene to feel insecure with himself. Not only does Gene's jealousy lead to insecurity, it also leads Gene to deny many things that have been happening to him. In addition to insecurity and denial, Gene's jealousy also leads him to feel hatred towards Finny. In "A Separate Peace" by John Knowles, Gene's jealousy towards Finny leads to Gene's insecurity, denial, and hatred. Gene's jealousy towards Finny leads him to be insecure with himself. The beginning of Gene's insecurity starts when he says, "Finny had deliberately set out to wreck my studies. That explained blitzball, that explained the nightly meetings of the Super Suicide Society, that explained his insistence that I share all his diversions. The way I believed that you're-my-best-friend blabber! Sure, he wanted to share everything with me, especially his procession of D's in every subject"(Knowles 45). Gene is studying in his room when Finny starts to say some mean things to him. Finny leaves the room and Gene starts to think about what Finny may be trying to do to him. Gene is starting to be insecure and is not highly stable or well adjusted. Gene's jealousy leads Gene to feel insecure about himself and makes Gene say and think bad things. Gene is insecure because of his jealousy towards Finny; Gene is so jealous that he makes some wrong decisions. In the passage, Gene is thinking some bad tho ughts about Finny and he is feeling insecure. He is thinking that Finny is out to make Gene a bad student and that Finny wants to make Gene like him. The jealousy that Gene is feeling leads to insecurity because he is thinking that he is not good enough for Finny or himself and he wants to be like Finny. Not only does Gene's jealousy towards Finny lead to insecurity it also leads Gene to deny a lot of things. When Gene and Finny are talking about the war Finny says, "Have you swallowed all that war stuff? No, of course I- I was so committed to refuting him that I had half- denied the charge before I understood it; now my eyes swung back to his face. All what war stuff"(Knowles 106)? Right away Gene denies something when Finny is talking to him. Gene even says that he is denying what he is saying. Gene is denying things because he is jealous of how Finny denies reality or the truth about the war, so therefore once again Gene is trying to be like Finny. Gene feels denial all through the book because he feels so much jealousy towards Finny, which one of the ways that he expresses the jealousy is by denying things. In addition to insecurity and denial, Gene's jealousy also leads him to feel hatred towards Finny. Gene starts saying to himself, "I forgot whom I hated and who hated me. I wanted to break out crying from stabs of hopeless joy, or intolerable promise, or because these mornings were too full of beauty for me, because I knew of too much hate to be contained in a world like this"(Knowles 47). Gene is thinking about how much hatred is in the world. He is thinking about the hatred that he feels towards Finny and towards his whole life. Gene is jealous towards Finny and forms a certain hatred towards him because of the jealousy. A lot of things that Finny does to Gene makes Gene hate Finny even more, but no matter what, Finny will have a certain appeal towards Gene. Gene hates Finny, but he also loves him. Gene wants to be Finny, but the fact that he is not Finny makes Gene mad and makes Gene form hatred towards Finny. Gene's jealousy towards Finny leads to Gene's insecurity, denial and hatred. Gene feels insecure about himself because he is jealous of Finny. In a way, Gene wants to be Finny but he also wants to be himself. Gene feels he is not good enough for himself or good enough to be Finny's friend. Gene is so jealous of Finny

The Mistake of Using Job Descriptions to Write Your Resume

The Mistake of Using Job Descriptions to Write Your Resume I have received many inquiries from clients who think it’s a good idea to copy their current job description into their resumes, and/or copy the job description of the position they’re applying for into their resumes. I STRONGLY recommend against using job descriptions to write your resume. Heres why neither of these tactics is effective: 1. Copying Current Job Descriptions Your current job description is just a list of job duties. The cardinal rule for resumes in today’s job market is to write your resume as a list of achievements and accomplishments, NOT as a list of job duties! I would go so far as to say that your job description has very little to do with what you actually do and accomplish in your position. I’ll take myself as an example. The job description for my position at the University of Wisconsin Law School said that I counseled students on their legal career search. It didn’t say what my success rate was, or how creatively I worked with students’ cover letters and resumes, or that I created a PowerPoint presentation on Resumes for Law Students. It did not mention the 5 job search resource manuals I created for various big cities across the United States, or the positive feedback I got from the students I worked with. It was my job to put these successes, which were nowhere to be found in my job description, into my resume. They spoke much more to what I can accomplish in any similar position than a statement that I â€Å"assisted students with resumes and cover letters.† You don’t need to emphasize the job duties in your job descriptions to write your resume. Instead, focus on the things you’ve done that will be relevant and impressive to the reader. 2. Copying Future Job Descriptions A lot of people make the mistake of copying the job description of a job they want into their resume, thinking they will score high with Applicant Tracking Software (ATS) systems. While you might get past the ATS with a resume like that, once a human lays eyes on your resume, you’ll land in the â€Å"no† pile. Copying and pasting requires no creativity and, ironically, makes it appear that you did NOT do the things you claim you did. Using job descriptions to write your resume just shows a hiring manager or HR person that you can cut and paste. Some people have copied and pasted the job description of their targeted position using white â€Å"invisible† text. Warning: Once a resume goes through an ATS system, that text will no longer be invisible! So you take a risk, once a human is looking at your resume, of being seen as trying to play the system. Not good. 3. The Right Way to Write Your Resume Instead of copying and pasting job descriptions in order to capture keywords, FIRST write your resume to highlight your accomplishments. Create the best document you can create. AFTER you have put together a great resume, THEN see what tweaks you can make to include some of the keywords from the future job description. For instance, I worked with a client applying for a Senior IT Director position. The position description listed â€Å"Develop and approve exceptions to policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His finished resume did not have the phrase â€Å"exceptions to policy† in it, but in reality, he worked with exceptions to policy regularly. He was able to add this phrase into an already existing bullet regarding his program management accomplishments. For more on how to use keywords in your resume, see my article,  Top 20 Tips on Writing ATS-Compatible Resumes for ATS Systems. In general, when crafting a winning resume, truth and honesty are the best policy. Don’t get lazy or think you’re â€Å"working the system† by using the cut and paste functions on your keyboard. What will get you an interview is your unique accomplishments. And another important thing that will get you a job is your integrity. Focus on those and you will see success in your job search. Still need some help to make your resume great? Contact The Essay Expert about our Resume and Cover Letter Services.

Salon Business Management (Beauty Therapy) Examine and assess the Essay

Salon Business Management (Beauty Therapy) Examine and assess the properties, uses, benefits and potential results of using preservatives in the modern salon environment - Essay Example More importantly, the use of preservatives within the salon environment is meant to protect customers from potential negative reactions of cosmetic products on their skin or hair. Depending on the properties of cosmetic preservatives, they may irritate the skin, cause allergic reactions or carcinogenic effects. This means that effective salon business management practices should be focused at ensuring that the preservatives used in the salon are safe to the consumers (Draelos, 2005, p. 58). This paper presents an analytical discussion of various preservative products that are used within the salon environment with a view of illustrating their properties and uses in skin and hair care. The paper also describes the benefits of these preservatives in salon services and the implications of using them within the contemporary salon environment. Antioxidants are common preservatives for cosmetic products, which are commonly used in contemporary salon environments for their effective protective properties. Antioxidants act by inhibiting the oxidation of microorganisms and other molecules (Gray & Gummer, 2000, p. 124). The antioxidant properties of these preservatives make them suitable for protecting hair and skin care products from contamination with microbes. However, the level of protection that is achieved by antioxidants is relatively minimal, when compared to other preservatives. The antioxidant preservatives are commonly used within modern salons, with a goal of preventing rancidity in skin and hair care oils. The contamination of all oil based hair and skin care formulations is prevented when antioxidants are used as preservatives (Antczak & Antczak, 2001, p. 98). Pynogenol is an example of antioxidant that is used within salon environments. This antioxidant is used to strengthen collagen in hair and skin and blood v essels. This preservative is therefore used as an anti-aging agent (Michalun & Michalun, 1994). The use of antioxidants within modern

Cell Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cell Structure - Essay Example Plant and animal cells each have a true nucleus because they are both eukaryotic organisms. This central membrane-bound compartment is the site of storage for most of the cell's genetic material. Within the nucleus there is a nucleolus which produces ribosomes. Likewise, both plant and animal cells have corresponding organelle structures with identical functions. This includes: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, secretory vesicles, mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments, cell membrane, cytosol, and a centrosome. Both plant cells and animal cells have an organelle known as the vacuole, but there are major functional differences between an animal vacuole and a plant vacuole (Cell Models, 2006). In animal cells the vacuole generally has a small size. It is used for storing waste products and serves as an area for digestion. In plant cells the vacuole makes up a much larger percentage of the internal volume. Besides the functions of waste storage and digestion, the plant vacuole has other important roles. Plant vacuoles hold nutrients and water. They help the plant cells to expand during the cellular growth process.

Supply Chain Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain - Coursework Example ate a rail network in stages in order to link the most important residential and industrial centers in the state, which will form an important part of the railway planned for the GCC network. Etihad Rail Mission: Provide a safe and sustainable passenger and freight transport railway system in the UAE through innovation and continuous improvement of technologies and practices. Etihad Rail is committed to three guiding principles: Safety and security, effective connectivity and economic growth and efficiency and sustainability. †¦Etihad Rail is the most preferred by customers who cite its impressive speeds of up to 120km/hr. and punctuality of departure and arrival times. The reason behind this is the availability of several electromotive engines at any one time thus preventing any delays. (Morgan 2014)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Good quality of customer care and the prompt acting on customer’s feedback that augurs well with customers. According to Etihad, the customers come first and they aim to satisfy them fully (John, 2011). Etihad has several electromotive engines on standby at any one time in case of any breakdown in the ones on operation. This facilitates immediate substitution in case of any delays...Additionally, it connects most of the centers of population in United Arab Emirates, assuring customers on the reliability of delivery.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Etihad rail conforms to customers’ expectations of good transport system. It is fast with speeds approaching 120 km/hour and departs and arrives on destinations in time. The prices are also relatively fair suiting most of the middle income travelers that make

Resonance Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant Stability

Resonance Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant Stability Dr. Vishwanath Pattar Dr. Anjana Bagewadi MDS â€Å" Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) – A diagnostic tool for implant stability † Dental implants have become a significant aspect of tooth replacement in prosthodontic treatment. High implant success rates of the order of 78-100 % have been published, with more than 15 years of observation time. Treatment success of dental implant mainly depends on the stability of the implant bone support. Implant stability is a mechanical phenomenon which is related to the local bone quality and quantity, type of implant, and placement technique used. The application of a simple, clinically applicable, non-invasive test to assess implant stability and osseointegration is considered highly desirable. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is one of such techniques which is most frequently used nowadays. Aim of this paper is to review the technique of Radio frequency analysis and use of it to check the implant stability. Key words: Resonance frequency analysis, Implant stability, Implant stability quotient(ISQ) Introduction : Dental implants have reported success rates of over 90 % over long periods of time. However failures still occur and seem to be unpredictable. One factor that is being increasingly considered in failure of dental implants is occlusal loading . It has been clinically demonstrated that implant stability plays a significant role in determining treatment outcome (Sennerby Meredith 1998, Esposito et al. 1998). Implant stability can be seen as a combination of: 1). Mechanical stability, which is the result of compressed bone holding the implant tightly in place.2). Biological stability, which is the result of new bone cells forming at the site of the implant and osseointegration. Initially implant stability was measured by Surgeon’s perception while placing the implant (Insertion and seating torque), percussion testing, reverse torque test and radiographs etc. But none of them proven to be effective in measuring the implant stability. Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) is a non-inv asive diagnostic tool for detecting the implant stability of dental implants during the healing stages and in subsequent routine follow-up care after treatment. Advantages of Rasonance frequency analysis 1) Optimal loading decisions : It makes it easier for dentists to decide when is the optimal time to load implants. At placement, stability can be difficult to quantify objec ­tively by merely relying on tactile perception. Torque measure ­ments are difficult to repeat once the implant has started to integrate and can therefore not provide a baseline for subse ­quent comparisons. The invasive torque method may even damage the healing if used for monitoring osseointegration 2)  Early warnings – preventing failure : Dentists sometimes encounter patients whose initial stability score is low. The reason could be that they have had to undergo a bone graft. In such higher-risk situations, most surgeons would avoid an early-loading protocol. Similarly, a significant decrease in stability indicates a potential problem and should be considered an early warning. The surgeon may prefer to unload the implant – or perhaps place additional implants – and then wait until stability increases. RFA system makes the treatment of high-risk patients easier and more predictable – allowing more of these patients to be treated and more of their treatments to be successful. 3)  Quality assurance : Because RFA system helps the dentist decide when to load and avoid failure in high-risk situations, it becomes a quality-assurance system for the clinic. Most patients intuitively understand the stability measures and how they govern when to load an implant and when to wait. This increases their sense of confidence, security and quality. 4) Data can be transferable : All the stability records measured from start of the treatment and the follow –up records can be transefered from one clinician to other. It makes easy to the one clinician to communicate with other about the treatment modalities. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) is a measurement scale for use with the RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis) method of determining implant stability. It’s a mapping of resonance frequencies (kHz), presented as a clinically useful scale of 1-100 ISQ. 1 is the least ISQ value and 100 is the highest ISQ value. ISQ is used RFA to measure stability because Supports making good decision about when to load Allows advantageous protocol choice on a patient-to-patient basis. Indicates situations in which it is best to unload Supports good communication and increased trust Provides better case documentation Instrument kit: Fig.1 Hand held probe Fig.2 MonitorFig.3 Main plug Fig.4 Data cable Fig.5 Testing device Fig.6 Smart-peg Technique : Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) uses a sophisticated technology with computer-based measurement of resonance frequency (RF), which is determined by two parameters: the degree of bone density on implant-bone interface area and the level of marginal alveolar bone around the transducer Osstell is representative of RFA-technique and was tested first in 1997The apparatus consists of an Osstell transducer and Osstell analyzer connected to a PC or independent. The transducer is L-shaped or bolts-like (smartpeg) and firmly screwed in order to be positioned on the implant and its superstructure (4–5 N/cm ²) and consists of 2 small voltage controlled transducers. High-energy pulse-type oscillations of a continuous sinusoidal pulse excite implant, in order to register the mechanical vibration between the implant interconnection zone and the bone. As soon as the apparatus is activated the first electric transducer applies excitation signal of increasing frequency from 5 to 15 kHz to implant. Other voltage-controlled element registers ultrasonic vibrations response, ie resonant frequency of the implant-bone interface area and transmits a created signal to the amplifier, which amplifies it and to the analyzer which reads, evaluates and compares it with the frequency of the original signal. The measured amplitude of resonance frequency is displayed numerically and graphically on the Osstell analyzer, and the maximum amplitude represents the stability of the implant, quantified through the ISQ units. The ISQ value reflects the rigidity of the system transducer- implant-bone and transducer calibration parameters. Measured on a scale from 0 ISQ (3500 Hz) to 100 ISQ units (8500 Hz), a higher ISQ value indicates a greater stability of the implant. After a while ISQ values rise because of osseointegration where implant–bone the connection becomes stronger. Fig. 7 Fig.8 Fig.9 ISQ values: >60 – >70 Immediate loading can be done This graph illustrates the progress of implant stability over time, expressed in ISQ terms. The converging green curves show the two most likely scenarios: implant stability eventually sets at around 70 ISQ. A high initial ISQ value tends to decrease, as mechanical stability is supplanted by osseointegration. And a low initial value tends to increase, as osseointegration sets in. The scenario to watch out for is illustrated by the red curve. Here, osseointegration is not progressing as planned, and loading such an implant may result in a failed treatment†¦ High initial stability (ISQ values of 70 and above) tends not to increase over time despitethe fact that the initial high mechanical stability decreases and is replaced by increased biological stability. Lower initial stability normally increases with time because the lower  mechanical stability is increased by the bone remodeling process (osseointegration). Values of ISQ 55 or lower should be taken as a warning sign and act ions to improve the stability should be considered (larger implant diameter, longer healing time, etc.)* *(Implant stability measurements using Resonance Frequency Analysis. Biological and biomechanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontology 2000, 2008. Sennerby Meredith) References: Chang WA et al. A newly designed resonance frequency analysis device for dental implant stability detection ; Dent Mater J. 2007 Sep;26(5):665-71 Rajiv KG et al . Resonance frequency analysis ; Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

The Result of Sin Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Scarlet Letter.

Sin is the â€Å"wrongful conduct of a moral code selected by either society or the transgressor.† Sin is one of the main themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. The Puritan society that Hester Prynne resides in does not accept people who deny to follow the moral code of the town. Throughout the novel three main characters are involved with the act of sin, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. Adultery by definition is voluntary having sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than his or her lawful spouse. It is part of the ten commandments and a law that the Puritan village frowns upon. During the Puritan time period, crimes for adultery ended in execution. However Hester is only forced into wearing the scarlet letter due to the unknown information of who her husband and her lover were. Through adultery Hester Prynne and her daughter are forced to reside to the outskirts of town and be neglected by the rest of society. Hester is forced to wear the scarlet letter embroidered to her chest. This is to symbolize the adultery she has committed. "It [has] the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself " (Hawthorne 49). This spell, the scarlet letter is "so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom" (Hawthorne 49). The scarlet letter is what separates Hester from the rest of society because it symbolizes her sin. To make up for her sin Hester â€Å"bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on wretches less miserable than herself†. (Hawthorne 76) However, although Hester tries her best to contribute to the less fortunate than even herself citizens continue to â€Å"[insult] the hand that [feeds] them†... ...t that out of the three characters Roger Chillingworth has the darkest conscience. This is apparent considering he feels no remorse or guilt from the people he is hurting. It is obvious that Roger does not think of the impact of his actions and does things for self gratification. There are many moral lessons demonstrated in the novel The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is able to get the point across that it is better to confess your sins rather than hide them. It may ruin ones reputation, or destroy a career, but it is better for yourself than to live in guilt forever. This is proven significantly through Hester Prynne at the end of the novel. Hester is able to overcome her sin and learn from her mistakes. She is discovered to be a woman who helps others and eventually regains the respect of the town. She is eventually is finally accepted by herself, society, and God.

Kakutani’s “Word Police” Essay

In Michiko Kakutani’s essay, â€Å"The Word Police,† the author uses examples, illustrations and definitions to support the claim that our language is on the brink of absurdity because we hide our true identities and inequalities with euphemisms. In regard to euphemisms, Kakutani states that they â€Å"tend to distract attention from the real problems of prejudice and injustice in society† (423). Although the essay is persuasive and supported well, the author falls short of persuading her unbiased audience because of repetitive and tedious criticisms of the politically correct movements. Her argument lacks absolution in her failure to provide her audience with an alternative solution. Kakutani opens with the claim the political correctness is prevalent in society today. For support she uses several examples of icons that are being redeveloped to appease the growing demand for P.C. These include Little Miss Coppertone, who will soon have a male equivalent, and Superman, who will come in four new flavors. In using these familiar, mainstream products, Kakutani sways the audience in her direction while consolidating her claim. She also makes us aware of her aversion to politically correct movements with the use of her sarcasm in renovating the words â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Superman.† The author then discusses a more considerable issue, that of the controversy over our language. â€Å"Political correctness† defined by Kakutani as â€Å"a vision of a more just, inclusive society in which racism, sexism and prejudice of all sorts have been erased,† (421) has good intent, but the methods used by politically correct activists to achieve their goals are too extreme. This, in turn, will just lead to the â€Å"scorn of conservative opponents and the mockery of cartoonists and late-night television hosts† (421). To validate her claim, Kakutani uses the example of a woman changing â€Å"testimony† to â€Å"ovarimony† at a Modern Language Association. This illustration supports her claim and persuades the audience to agree that the techniques used by P.C. radicals are excessive. To further her claim, she also adds a list of commonly used words and phrases, such as â€Å"charley horse† and â€Å"lazy susan† that, in a  politically correct language, would never be acceptable and debates the necessity and feasibility of changing them. The author also believes that the trendy surge of P.C. dictionaries becoming available to us is forming a new way of speaking and writing. The majority of Kakutani’s backing for this is Rosalie Maggio’s book The Bias-Free Word Finder, a Dictionary of Nondiscriminatory Language. Maggio offers over 5,000 prejudice words and phrases to avoid, as well as techniques on how to make one’s speaking and writing less offensive. In order to support her argument that politically correct language is on the verge being ridiculous, she farcically reconstructs several popular phrases with the use of Maggio’s â€Å"dictionary.† Leonardo DiVinci’s â€Å"Mona Lisa† becomes his â€Å"acme of perfection,† while â€Å"king of the jungle† becomes â€Å"monarch of the jungle.† The extreme illustration is an excellent technique for convincing her audience, but her narrow breadth of sources causes the reader to doubt whether or not she has any other support. Kakutani then inquires as to who will accept and live by these P.C. rules. Her use of satire as a persuasion technique is very efficient when she states that Maggio’s book will most likely never become a staple in the average classroom, or be â€Å"adopted by the average man (sorry, individual)† (421). She then argues that these â€Å"P.C. dictionaries† only create confusion among there own supporters with there self-contradictions. More proof for Kakutani’s claim is an example from Language, Gender, and Professional Writing, by Francine Wattman Frank and Paula A. Treichler of the Modern Language Association. In the book, Frank and Treichler state that using â€Å"he† or â€Å"she† is an â€Å"appropriate construction for talking about an individual (like a jockey, say) who belongs to a profession that’s predominantly male† (422). Kakutani points out that later in the book, the authors contradict themselves by stating, â€Å"using masculine pronouns rhetorically can underscore ongoing male dominance in those fields, implying the need for change† (422). This example regains the trust of Kakutani’s readers. The citation accomplishes its goal in influencing the audience to agree with her claim and causes the reader to wonder what good the  politically correct activists are doing if they cannot even agree with their selves. With the readers trust regained and the su pport of Kakutani’s belief, the author proceeds into her most persuasive argument. Kakutani discusses Maggio’s suggestion to substitute politically incorrect words and phrases with symbols in order to draw attention to the fact that those words and phrases are improper. Rebutting this idea, Kkautani proclaims that Maggio’s philosophy offers no real solution to remove bigotry from our country. In actuality, Maggio’s suggestions focus only on the surface of the word or phrase being corrected and not it’s content. Kakutani supports her claim with the example of when Mark Twain’s classic, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was under consideration for being eliminated from school curriculums because it was labeled racist due to the fact that it included the word â€Å"nigger.† By using such a well-known incident, Kakutani again convinces the reader to agree with her claim, in part because of the common ground that the incident creates. The support succeeds in persuading and building communion with the reader since most well edu cated individuals have read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and are aware that the book has no racist purpose. Kakutani then argues that the politically correct actions taken to correct our language are in reality distorting the meanings of the words being attacked. Using the pamphlet, â€Å"Dictionary of Cautionary Words and Phrases† as an example, Kakutani lists non-prejudicial words that are labeled discriminatory. She relates her claim to words used to describe the Vietnam War and Watergate by the government. Using two incidents that are associated negatively to the reader, the author succeeds in convincing her audience. Kakutani next repeats her allegation that the replacing of politically correct words by symbols or other words is not a solution to end problems, instead it will â€Å"make it easier to shrug off the seriousness of their situation† (423). Once again, Kakutani retreats to an example from Maggio’s book to probe her claim. Concluding, Kakutani states that the actions taken by the politically correct activists are being â€Å"purchased at the cost of freedom of expression and freedom of speech† (424). She ends her argument  with an illustration of how the Gettysburg Address would sound if it had been written in a politically correct manner. Overall, Kakutani loses the readers attention towards the end of her debate. She convinces the unbiased audience that the politically correct movements are flawed, but fails to full persuade them to agree with her view that they are ineffective. The use of so many examples from the same source entices the reader to ponder the legitimacy of her arguments. One book is not enough ground to convince a sophisticated, intelligent reader. Moreover, Kakutani’s neglect to suggest an alternative solution to the one offered by the politically correct advocates makes her essay seem unfinished, and casts a negative shadow over Kakutani’s entire debate.

Some Thoughts on Dashes

Some Thoughts on Dashes Some Thoughts on Dashes Some Thoughts on Dashes By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of dashes to replace colons: More and more I see dashes (of various sorts) used to do the work you say that the colon should do: introduce a word, phrase, clause, list, or quotation after a complete sentence. Is either acceptable? I can’t find an example of a dash used to introduce a quotation, but its use in place of a colon to introduce a word, phrase, clause, or list is common: â€Å"Nonetheless,† he added, â€Å"just having these recordings is not going to be sufficient† to make any definitive conclusions about the cause of the crash- a process that could take weeks, if not months.† Now students’ needs are anticipated by a small army of service professionals- mental health counselors, student-life deans and the like. Coming at the end of a sentence in this way, the use of a dash is not as jarring to me as its increasingly popular use to replace commas or parentheses within a sentence: The study’s authors hypothesized that material gains made through early agricultural success- a proxy for wealth- gave smaller groups of related men the reproductive upper hand for generations. Boko Haram has widened its efforts from capturing foreigners- who can be ransomed off for big bucks- to targeting mass numbers of young women and children who can  be put to other uses. Commas or parentheses would do just fine in each example. The choice to replace commas or parentheses with a dash should be made with a clear understanding of the effect desired. Explanatory information meant for readers who may need help with a concept can go in parenthesis: The study’s authors hypothesized that material gains made through early agricultural success (a proxy for wealth) gave smaller groups of related men the reproductive upper hand for generations. Information relevant to the sentence, but of secondary importance can go between commas: Boko Haram has widened its efforts from capturing foreigners, who can be ransomed off for big bucks, to targeting mass numbers of young women and children who can  be put to other uses. Dashes are appropriate when the purpose is to startle the reader with an unexpected interruption that provides a peripheral thought: His chisel was one of the weapons used- not that he could help that, poor fellow- and no doubt you will want to ask him questions. The dash is an attention-getting punctuation mark that can be used to change the tone of a sentence. Dashes are like the unexpected chords in The Surprise Symphony: they jerk the reader into wakefulness. They are most effective when not overused. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersEach vs. Both

Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience

Vision, Language, and Experience Throughout Shelley’s Frankenstein there is constant tension between the visual and verbal. At one moment the reader can sympathize with the creature and at another the reader can relate with Victor’s anger. The visual portrayal of the creature does have an effect, but not nearly as much as the language. The sympathy changes throughout the volumes particularly do to the narratives of the characters. When Victor speaks it seems believable that the creature is a horrible thing, but when the creature speaks the perspective completely changes. But, there is still a problem because a conclusion cannot be addressed. Though language has an overwhelming effect, there is still a huge communication barrier between the characters in the novel and the reader’s understanding of them. Through this barrier, Shelley conveys a powerful message: people can only truly understand each other when put through the same experience. In the novel, Victor and Walton are the only two characters that really connect and it is because they share somewhat of the same experience. Both of them are excessively ambitious and both attempt, as Victor is successful, to defy the limitations of man. Walton writes in his letter to his sister: â€Å"I have no friend Margaret: there will be none to participate my joy† (8). Walton truly desires a friend for companionship and company. He desires a being that can understand him and see his greatness. He finds some of these qualities in Victor. Though Frankenstein is not his ideal friend, he completes Walton by advising him in the right direction. Walton reciprocates this in Victor as well. Walton is the only human to hear his story, which, in a deeper sense, means that he allows Victor to live on. Victor says, â€Å"But when you speak of new ties, and fresh affections, think you that any can replace those who are gone?† (180). Here Victor tells Walton that it is not conceivabl... Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience Vision, Language, and Experience Throughout Shelley’s Frankenstein there is constant tension between the visual and verbal. At one moment the reader can sympathize with the creature and at another the reader can relate with Victor’s anger. The visual portrayal of the creature does have an effect, but not nearly as much as the language. The sympathy changes throughout the volumes particularly do to the narratives of the characters. When Victor speaks it seems believable that the creature is a horrible thing, but when the creature speaks the perspective completely changes. But, there is still a problem because a conclusion cannot be addressed. Though language has an overwhelming effect, there is still a huge communication barrier between the characters in the novel and the reader’s understanding of them. Through this barrier, Shelley conveys a powerful message: people can only truly understand each other when put through the same experience. In the novel, Victor and Walton are the only two characters that really connect and it is because they share somewhat of the same experience. Both of them are excessively ambitious and both attempt, as Victor is successful, to defy the limitations of man. Walton writes in his letter to his sister: â€Å"I have no friend Margaret: there will be none to participate my joy† (8). Walton truly desires a friend for companionship and company. He desires a being that can understand him and see his greatness. He finds some of these qualities in Victor. Though Frankenstein is not his ideal friend, he completes Walton by advising him in the right direction. Walton reciprocates this in Victor as well. Walton is the only human to hear his story, which, in a deeper sense, means that he allows Victor to live on. Victor says, â€Å"But when you speak of new ties, and fresh affections, think you that any can replace those who are gone?† (180). Here Victor tells Walton that it is not conceivabl...

MID-YEAR ASSESSMENT Management Finance Assignment

MID-YEAR ASSESSMENT Management Finance - Assignment Example One of the behavioural issues that have been noticed within the case study is that of resistance from employees. It is a common observance within an organization to have employees refuses to work with the new system or processes. In some cases employees regard the new system as redundant or unnecessary altogether (Attwood, 1996). In such cases usually employees feel threatened by the new system and feel that it challenges their methods of working and makes them feel redundant. In the case provided it was observed that the supervisor of department D Janet was extremely unhappy after viewing the performance report. This behaviour shown by Janet shows that she felt threatened by the report and refused to accept the system altogether. In some cases employees tend to agree to the new budgeting system but ignore its implementation. Employees tend to assure executives of the organization that they would commit to the processes of the system but in reality tend to hold reservations about it, causing reluctance in the implementation of its implementation (Woldring, 2010). As seen in the case out of all the directors only one of the director was interested in its implementations whereas others were uncertain about it. This caused the directors to become uninterested in its effective implementation. Another behavioural issue that can be seen the company is confusion amongst the employees. While developing a budgeting plan it is vital to communicate with employees to investigate the factors that were involved in formation of the actual budget. Since communication between the executives of the company and the employees was not clear misunderstandings are created during the formation of performance reports (Poornima & Charantimath, 2011). This in turn causes employees to disown the report claiming that information provided in the report is baseless and has little or no significance when placed under practical circumstances. Furthermore, there was no training provided to the employees prior to implementing the new financial control system. Direct implementation of the new system caused a great deal of confusion amongst employees who were taken aback on receiving their department’s performance report. Changes to be introduced in the Existing Report System In order to ensure that the current budgeting system is more easily accepted by the company’s employees it is vital that the management removes uncertainty and insecurity that the company employees have regarding it. The first and foremost step that the company could take is to initiate a training program for its employees. The main aim of the training program should be to increase the knowledge and awareness of the employees regarding budgeting and comparative analysis. The training sessions must inform employees of the exact advantages that budgeting and comparative analysis would bring about to the company. The process of training must start with the top executives of the company. Obtai ning the consent and backing of the top executives would help in the implementation process (Finkelstein et al., 2008). Moreover, knowing that all the organizational executives share the same vision convincing employees at the lower level makes it a lot easier. Once the company’s executives have been briefed it is then time to convince employees working at the lower level

Demographic transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demographic transition - Essay Example Phase I is mostly seen in pre-industrialized countries (Galloway & Patrick,1986). Most developing countries are in the Phase II of the transition. In the second phase, the state of equilibrium in the population is lost and death rate is exceeded by birth rate thereby leading to a â€Å"population explosion.† This change is subjected to the fact that better facilities such as good sanitation, nutrition, health facilities etc. are implemented. Such measures help in checking the rate of mortality and increase the lifespan. Though the death rate is lowered the birth rate remains high because most of the people looks upon children as assets who will help bring in money into the family. These growths in population triggers the next stage of transition i.e. Phase III. In this phase a decline in birth rate is seen. This decline is seen because the population is educated and use contraception. Most of the people earn more and therefore do not look upo children as assets and parents realize that children need to be looked after well (Lee, 2003,p 170).â€Å"Some of the improvement in child survival is itself a response to parental decisions to invest more in the health and welfare of a smaller number of children† (Nerlove, 1974). In phase IV, both birth and death rates reduce drastically. This is because of societal changes where too many children are looked upon as hindrance in leading a good satisfactory life and hence both fertility and birth rate falls. According to researchers, the factors that are primarily responsible for declination in the Crude Birth rate include education among women, use of contraceptives, medical facilities which help in survival of babies thereby eliminating need for reproduction of more babies. On the other hand better health facilities, newer technologies and infrastructure, faster transport and higher earnings trigger declination in Crude Death rate. All developed

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy - Term Paper Example   Significantly, there have been arguments in favor of as well as against the policy and a reflective analysis of the policy is required for a judicious judgment on the issue. â€Å"A Gall up poll taken in July 1993 found the public evenly split over both a â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† policy and a question of whether homosexuality is incompatible with military service. Forty nine percent agree and 48 percent disagree with the statement â€Å"homosexuality is incompatible with military service† (National Defense Research Institute U.S. P.202). Therefore, this paper analyzes the various aspects of the policy â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† to determine a careful position on the topic. Although there are several criticisms raised against the military’s ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policy, both in the Congress and among the general public, the military is not prepared for this drastic change as the positive re sults of the policy are several. Significantly, the policy DADT has already become a central element of the military policy regarding same-sex acts, a relaxation on the policy is not acceptable to the U.S. military. Therefore, I strongly agree with the idea behind the policy â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† as this policy will help the U.S. military personnel in emphasizing the need for order and discipline in the army. The â€Å"Don’t ask, don’t tell† policy assumes greater significance as there is an imminent danger that the parents who are very much orthodox may not allow their children to join the army that it is lacking in high moral standards. A military unit would be sacrificing its reputation if it is lacking in discipline and unit cohesion. There are chances of internal disagreements and Soldiers may gather against the gay and lesbian groups and the military unit perishes under these circumstances.     

Historical laws and Security Essay Example for Free

Historical laws and Security Essay Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint CJS/250 April 24, 2013 Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint The Babylonian King Hammurabi established the code of Hammurabi. It was established by the king himself in 1750 B.C. and discovered intact in 1901. It contains 282 clauses variety of obligations, professions and rights, as well as retail, slavery, marriage, stealing, and outstanding debts. If any of the clause was to be violated the punishment that would be handed down would be severe (Clifford, 2004). This code is well known for serious punishment. The principles outlined are in the form of Lex talionis, or the law of retaliation to fit the crime (an eye for an eye). The Draco’s code was named for the Greek of Athens citizen where it was written in 621 B.C., the first law written in Greece was very harsh that the word Draconian is used today to describe how severe and unreasonable the law is. Concerns to penalty for any offense that was committed death would be the result. It was very important to introduce the notion to the state, not the private citizens, is responsible for the punishing persons accused of crimes. The Law of The Twelve Tables originally included 10 laws. Written in Rome in 450 B.C. was meant to govern the Romans. It was the foundation of the modern public and private law. They helped organize how crime would be prosecuted publicly and instituted a method whereby the involved parties could look for compensation from their aggressors. It was then the basic rule of Roman law was written and that justice would not be left at the hands of the judge alone to interpret. In 529 A.D., Corpus Juris Civilis or Justinian code was the result of Emperor Justinian’s desire and remembrance for his codification of Roman law  in a series of book (Clifford, 2004). Legal maxims derived from Justinian Code which inspired the modern concept of justice a word that comes from the emperor’s name. The foundation of civil law, one of the two main legal system, the other been English common law was formed by the Roman code that govern modern Western civilization. One of the high point in the middle ages occurred under King John of England, with the creation of the Magna Carta in 1216 which he was forced to sign. This document established the English due process which greatly reduced the king power by making decision in parliament instead on his own. The most important of the Magna Carta’s 61 clauses was the 39th it states no freeman shall be captured or imprisoned except by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land (Clifford, 2004). Within a 70 year span England produced the next significant contribution to the system of law enforcement in developing the Statue of Westminster in 1285. King Edward involved the citizens in crime prevention and apprehension. It established three practical measures focusing on the security of affected citizens, the watch and ward, a hue and cry, and the assize of arms. In our current society, publicly and privately these laws have played a major role today. The legal system which we have in place would be the same, but instead it is different. One of the most important is the Magna Carta, and it can be seen in the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Article 21. Our economy today is drastically changing. With the amount of cutback it would be difficult for our finest to be all over the city to monitor any issues that may occur. With the assistance of the private forces the numbers has double or triple with less authority or priviledge as would an officer. Having both is beneficial to our society and the feel of safety is an encouragement to us all. References Clifford, M (2004) Identifying and exploring security essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Powerless Holden :: Catcher Rye Essays

Powerless Holden In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt place where there is no peace.   This perception of the world does not change significantly through the novel.   However, as the novel progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the short period of Holden's life covered in this book, "Holden does succeed in making us perceive that the world is crazy†1.   Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep, he checks in to the Edmont Hotel.   This is where Holden's turmoil begins.   Holden spends the following evening in this hotel which was "full of perverts and morons.   [There were] screwballs all over the place."2.   His situation only deteriorates from this point, as the more he looks around the world, the more depressing life seems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around every corner Holden sees evil.   He looks out on a world which appears completely immoral and unscrupulous.   The three days that the novel covers place a distressed Holden in the vicinity of Manhattan.   The city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's despair "seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine merriment."3.   Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts, morons and screwballs.   These convictions that Holden hold waver very momentarily during one particular scene in the book.   The scene is with Mr. Antolini.   After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervert as well.   This is the only time during the novel where Holden thinks twice about considering someone a pervert.   After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he was not making a "flitty&quo t; pass at him. He wonders if he just like patting guys heads as they sleep.   This is the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a positive side to something.   However, this event does not constitute a significant change.   As Holden himself says, "It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out."4. The sun, of course, is a reference to decency through the common association of light and goodness.  Ã‚   His perception of the world remains the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's belief that he can change the world.

John Milton’s Paradise Lost as an Epic Poetry Essay

The epic poem has been regarded ion all ages and countries as the highest form of poetry and there are great epics in almost in all the literatures in the world. As Dr. Johnson has put it, â€Å"By the general consent of critics, the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epic poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions†¦ Epic poetry undertakes to teach the most important truths by the most pleasing precepts, and therefore, relates some great event in the most affecting manner† (xix). John Milton’s Paradise Lost belongs to a rare breed of epic poetry in that it conforms to all the structural aspects of an epic, much in contrast with the decline of epic in the eighteenth century (Griffin 143-154). In the eighteenth century, the epic conventions made a gradual shift to mock-heroic poetry – a literary form that pseudo-eulogizes events of stately stature, in a bid to satirize them. But Milton, an egotist throughout his life, picks up topics of profound significance in the context of Christianity, and writes in an epic style that is perfectly complemented by content and theme. This paper is going to analyze Paradise Lost as an epic poetry. Paradise Lost, which was originally published 1667 in 10 volumes, is written in blank verse – a literary device deployed to convey freedom of expression which is commonly attributed to poems of grand scope. The poem vividly narrates the story of Satan and the Fallen Angels. Man’s expulsion from God’s abode in heaven is the main theme addressed in the book. If one takes into consideration the binding principle of epic poetry as having some fundamental and simplest of storylines, Paradise Lost qualifies per se. the story of man giving in to temptation and his subsequent fall from divine grace is a recurring theme in many world literatures. Hence, its subject matter is of universal interest. Again, the story is told within a narrative framework which is fictional in nature. The narrative flow has plenty of drifts when the poet alludes to several biblical and pagan beliefs. But the allusions are very much in keeping with the central theme of the poem – to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men† (Milton, I. 26). Johnson’s views of an epic poem substantiate the thesis pretty well. Almost all the characteristic elements of an epic poem are present in Paradise Lost: The subject matter being dealt with ought to be of a grand scale, preferably some well known tales of heroism and/or defiance of convention. Normally, the subject of an epic is expected to deal with actual historical events or imaginary but probable tales.  The action of the story must be developed by a proportionate mix of grand narrative, dialog and soliloquy.  Meditative and dramatic elements abound in epic poetry. Hence, the canvas of an epic poetry is structured with minute attention to detail, having periodical digressions relevant to the progression of the storyline. The protagonist or the hero must not represent the institutional segment of society. In other words, his actions and words should reflect offbeat ideas intended to defy institutional norms. However, the hero should also possess moral transparency and lofty idealism. The story must be based on the hero.  The language and other literary techniques should be simple yet profound. One of the rudimentary aspects of epic poetry is that it should always be expressed in a free flowing form, stripped of excesses wherever feasible. At the same time, the language should never appear as if constrained by the plot. The plot and the narrative must complement each other without limiting the immense scope of each.  An epic should always propound a lofty moral, capable of standing on its own. in other words, an epic poem must have a generic message that stands true irrespective of times or ideological differences.   It may be noted that all the aforementioned elements can be found in Milton’s Paradise Lost. In addition to this, the poem also follows classical epic conventions such as invocation to the Muse, prolific usage of epic similes and metaphors, blank versification, repetition of lines and passages, permanent epithets and so on. The subject matter of Paradise Lost is common yet sublime. The very inclusion of a biblical theme sets the poem apart from ordinary tales of man’s temporal existence. The Fall of Man has a fatalistic attribution to it, which instantly encompasses everything ever created or to be created within Miltonic cosmos. Milton’s cosmology pertains to a profoundly sagacious vision of the heaven and the earth and how they make exchanges. Satan’s revolt against the Supreme Dictator lays down the premise for an epic rendering of mankind’s perpetual urge to go against norms that put chains on free will. In keeping with epic characteristics, the poem elicits sympathetic responses from readers and critics alike. On one hand, Adam and Eve are thrown out of heaven following their cardinal sin. The divine providence they would enjoy is no longer there. This puts in perspective the hierarchical notion of the order of beings – God at the helm of affairs followed by the list of created beings. What is of epic stature is that the lower hierarchy suddenly rebels against the highest, challenging the supreme authority in a dauntless manner. Their punishment is also a part of the development of an epic. Once they are booted off heaven, readers can almost sense that intangible attributes such as immortality and permanence are lost forever. What is born of defiance is what comes to be standing in the long run – man’s original happiness and restoration of peace and love in their reasonable forms. Once Satan and his men are taught a lesson, following the epic conventions, mortals no longer dare to put themselves in any fanciful longing guided by moral cogency. As far as action is concerned, Paradise Lost unitarily follows a single course of events – all culminating in a grand climax. Milton begins the story by describing the infernal council of the rebel angels, which precedes the Fall of Man. Aspects of epic poetry are rooted in the poet’s approach here. He does not intend to simply narrate the proceedings as they occur. He stamps his own persona by suggesting the mood for revelry the Fallen Angels are in. Thus, the storyline starts from a single point in time and advances from thereon. Nothing is left behind and nothing is to be seen or apprehended in advance. The battle of the angels and the creation of earth are events that follow from one another and do not occur discordantly. Invocation of the Muse, too, is a generic pattern commonly followed in epic poems (Poplawski 266). In essence, Milton’s Paradise Lost is typical of epic poetry in multiple regards. The way it deals with the subject matter, with linguistic mastery and in an introspective mood, goes to show the unique niche the poem still enjoys in literary domains worldwide. As an authentic piece of world literature, Paradise Lost excels over contemporary heroic poetry in many ways. Right from the outset, each character has particular relevance to the story and has generic relevance to the entirety of the historical framework the poem belongs to. Such flawless technique renders a stately charm to the poem.          Works Cited Griffin, Dustin. â€Å"Problems of Literary Theory.† New Literary History 14 (1982): 143-154. Milton, John. Paradise lost: a poem in twelve books. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1868. Milton, John, Elijah Fenton, and Samuel Johnson. Paradise lost. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1821. Poplawski, Paul. English Literature in context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.